注意:二进制文件删除必须使用help purge
不可用rm -f 会崩
一、概念
增量备份:仅备份上次备份以后变化的数据
差异备份:仅备份上次完全备份以后变化的数据
完全备份:顾名思义,将数据完全备份
其中,在进行增量备份或差异备份前,必须至少有一次完全备份
二、素材准备
备份前首先我们要准备一份文件用来实验
1.先登陆MySQL创建school数据库来存放数据
不会登陆的参考我上一篇笔记:MySQL数据库离线下载
mysql> create database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> use school
Database changed
mysql> CREATE TABLE `Student` (
-> `Sno` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号', `Sname` varchar(16) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
-> `Ssex` char(2) NOT NULL COMMENT '性别', `Sage` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '学生年龄',
-> `Sdept` varchar(16) DEFAULT 'NULL' COMMENT '学生所在系别', PRIMARY KEY (`Sno`)
-> ) ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 2 warnings (0.09 sec)
mysql> INSERT INTO `Student` VALUES (1, '陆亚', '男', 24, '计算机网络'),(2, 'tom', '男', 26, '英语'),(3, '张阳', '男', 21, '物流管理'), (4, 'alex', '女', 22, '电子商务');
Query OK, 4 rows affected (0.02 sec)
Records: 4 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
回到虚拟机
2.完全备份
注意:虚拟机与mysql的切换,我这里xshell同时开了两个窗口
完全备份:
[root@openeuler-1 ~]# mkdir /mysqlbak
[root@openeuler-1 ~]# mysqldump --opt -B school > /mysqlbak/school.sql
插入数据:
INSERT INTO Student values(0005,'xumubin','男',29,'中文专业'),(0006,'wangzhao','男',21,'导弹专业');
查询是否插入成功:
mysql> select * from Student;
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | 陆亚 | 男 | 24 | 计算机网络 |
| 2 | tom | 男 | 26 | 英语 |
| 3 | 张阳 | 男 | 21 | 物流管理 |
| 4 | alex | 女 | 22 | 电子商务 |
| 5 | xumubin | 男 | 29 | 中文专业 |
| 6 | wangzhao | 男 | 21 | 导弹专业 |
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
这里的school就是我们上面创建的数据库
3.开启binlog(8.0默认开启)
虚拟机里是否有binlog.000001(备份几次就有几个)
MySQL 往下翻是否有 log_bin on
有,说明是开启状态
4.模拟数据损坏
模拟数据损坏:
mysql> drop database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
刷新日志:
mysql> flush logs;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
保存日志:
(拷贝到别的地方防止二次破坏)
mysql> show binary logs;
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
| Log_name | File_size | Encrypted |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
| binlog.000001 | 2135 | No |
| binlog.000002 | 157 | No |
+---------------+-----------+-----------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
选择size最多的复制查看即 binlog.000001
binlog2是一个新创建的日志文件,尚未记录任何数据库操作
虚拟机命令行
复制日志:
cp /var/lib/mysql/binlog.000001 /mysqlbak/
进入保护现场:
cd /mysqlbak/
查看二进制日志:
mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS -vv
#注意5.7版本后,insert语句已经加密,默认看不到,查看时在文件后面加上选项 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS -vv
我们可以看到数据清晰明了
以下是我的完全备份数据,当作参照组,可先略过看第三大点:恢复数据步骤,若找不到再回来对应找
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]# mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 --base64-output=DECODE-ROWS -vv
# The proper term is pseudo_replica_mode, but we use this compatibility alias
# to make the statement usable on server versions 8.0.24 and older.
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=1*/;
/*!50003 SET @OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE=@@COMPLETION_TYPE,COMPLETION_TYPE=0*/;
DELIMITER /*!*/;
# at 4
#250123 23:53:21 server id 1 end_log_pos 126 CRC32 0xd460830a Start: binlog v 4, server v 8.0.36 created 250123 23:53:21 at startup
ROLLBACK/*!*/;
# at 126
#250123 23:53:21 server id 1 end_log_pos 157 CRC32 0xaffba851 Previous-GTIDs
# [empty]
# at 157
#250124 0:08:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 236 CRC32 0x102a2ba1 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=0 sequence_number=1 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1737648504801759 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737648504801759 transaction_length=319
# original_commit_timestamp=1737648504801759 (2025-01-24 00:08:24.801759 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737648504801759 (2025-01-24 00:08:24.801759 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737648504801759*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 236
#250124 0:08:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 476 CRC32 0xe66d9908 Query thread_id=11 exec_time=0 error_code=0 Xid = 3
SET TIMESTAMP=1737648504.798994/*!*/;
SET @@session.pseudo_thread_id=11/*!*/;
SET @@session.foreign_key_checks=1, @@session.sql_auto_is_null=0, @@session.unique_checks=1, @@session.autocommit=1/*!*/;
SET @@session.sql_mode=1168113696/*!*/;
SET @@session.auto_increment_increment=1, @@session.auto_increment_offset=1/*!*/;
/*!\C utf8mb4 *//*!*/;
SET @@session.character_set_client=255,@@session.collation_connection=255,@@session.collation_server=255/*!*/;
SET @@session.time_zone='SYSTEM'/*!*/;
SET @@session.lc_time_names=0/*!*/;
SET @@session.collation_database=DEFAULT/*!*/;
/*!80011 SET @@session.default_collation_for_utf8mb4=255*//*!*/;
ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED WITH 'caching_sha2_password' AS '$A$005$3:PpxqXx
#39zahoOesT2QGmWZQ5FU/kLsxDvsMoYG0nlD3FCBG2jOe.'
/*!*/;
# at 476
#250124 2:39:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 553 CRC32 0x73f1030b Anonymous_GTID last_committed=1 sequence_number=2 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1737657595842327 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657595842327 transaction_length=191
# original_commit_timestamp=1737657595842327 (2025-01-24 02:39:55.842327 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657595842327 (2025-01-24 02:39:55.842327 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737657595842327*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 553
#250124 2:39:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 667 CRC32 0x072f8920 Query thread_id=16 exec_time=0 error_code=0 Xid = 10
SET TIMESTAMP=1737657595/*!*/;
/*!80016 SET @@session.default_table_encryption=0*//*!*/;
create database school
/*!*/;
# at 667
#250124 2:40:48 server id 1 end_log_pos 746 CRC32 0xb6cb6a27 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=2 sequence_number=3 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1737657648297547 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657648297547 transaction_length=478
# original_commit_timestamp=1737657648297547 (2025-01-24 02:40:48.297547 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657648297547 (2025-01-24 02:40:48.297547 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737657648297547*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 746
#250124 2:40:48 server id 1 end_log_pos 1145 CRC32 0x8367a696 Query thread_id=16 exec_time=0 error_code=0 Xid = 15
use `school`/*!*/;
SET TIMESTAMP=1737657648/*!*/;
/*!80013 SET @@session.sql_require_primary_key=0*//*!*/;
CREATE TABLE `Student` (
`Sno` int(10) NOT NULL COMMENT '学号', `Sname` varchar(16) NOT NULL COMMENT '姓名',
`Ssex` char(2) NOT NULL COMMENT '性别', `Sage` tinyint(2) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '学生年龄',
`Sdept` varchar(16) DEFAULT 'NULL' COMMENT '学生所在系别', PRIMARY KEY (`Sno`)
)
/*!*/;
# at 1145
#250124 2:41:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1224 CRC32 0x5bd7634a Anonymous_GTID last_committed=3 sequence_number=4 rbr_only=yes original_committed_timestamp=1737657684341385 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657684341385 transaction_length=404
/*!50718 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED*//*!*/;
# original_commit_timestamp=1737657684341385 (2025-01-24 02:41:24.341385 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657684341385 (2025-01-24 02:41:24.341385 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737657684341385*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 1224
#250124 2:41:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1301 CRC32 0x36afa721 Query thread_id=16 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1737657684/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 1301
#250124 2:41:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1371 CRC32 0xe7255827 Table_map: `school`.`Student` mapped to number 112
# has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0
# at 1371
#250124 2:41:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1518 CRC32 0x5d0c86b0 Write_rows: table id 112 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=1 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='陆亚' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='男' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=24 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='计算机网络' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=2 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='tom' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='男' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=26 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='英语' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=3 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='张阳' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='男' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=21 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='物流管理' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=4 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='alex' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='女' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=22 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='电子商务' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
# at 1518
#250124 2:41:24 server id 1 end_log_pos 1549 CRC32 0x64e26b2d Xid = 16
COMMIT/*!*/;
# at 1549
#250124 2:42:37 server id 1 end_log_pos 1628 CRC32 0x7cd8b53b Anonymous_GTID last_committed=4 sequence_number=5 rbr_only=yes original_committed_timestamp=1737657757809011 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657757809011 transaction_length=355
/*!50718 SET TRANSACTION ISOLATION LEVEL READ COMMITTED*//*!*/;
# original_commit_timestamp=1737657757809011 (2025-01-24 02:42:37.809011 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657757809011 (2025-01-24 02:42:37.809011 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737657757809011*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 1628
#250124 2:42:37 server id 1 end_log_pos 1705 CRC32 0x5c69dd71 Query thread_id=16 exec_time=0 error_code=0
SET TIMESTAMP=1737657757/*!*/;
BEGIN
/*!*/;
# at 1705
#250124 2:42:37 server id 1 end_log_pos 1775 CRC32 0x195db6e0 Table_map: `school`.`Student` mapped to number 112
# has_generated_invisible_primary_key=0
# at 1775
#250124 2:42:37 server id 1 end_log_pos 1873 CRC32 0x82c37439 Write_rows: table id 112 flags: STMT_END_F
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=5 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='xumubin' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='男' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=29 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='中文专业' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
### INSERT INTO `school`.`Student`
### SET
### @1=6 /* INT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @2='wangzhao' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @3='男' /* STRING(8) meta=65032 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @4=21 /* TINYINT meta=0 nullable=0 is_null=0 */
### @5='导弹专业' /* VARSTRING(64) meta=64 nullable=1 is_null=0 */
# at 1873
#250124 2:42:37 server id 1 end_log_pos 1904 CRC32 0x8d0c2555 Xid = 48
COMMIT/*!*/;
# at 1904
#250124 2:44:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 1981 CRC32 0x7cf7fd11 Anonymous_GTID last_committed=5 sequence_number=6 rbr_only=no original_committed_timestamp=1737657887499936 immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657887499936 transaction_length=187
# original_commit_timestamp=1737657887499936 (2025-01-24 02:44:47.499936 CST)
# immediate_commit_timestamp=1737657887499936 (2025-01-24 02:44:47.499936 CST)
/*!80001 SET @@session.original_commit_timestamp=1737657887499936*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.original_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
/*!80014 SET @@session.immediate_server_version=80036*//*!*/;
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'ANONYMOUS'/*!*/;
# at 1981
#250124 2:44:47 server id 1 end_log_pos 2091 CRC32 0x1908e2ec Query thread_id=16 exec_time=0 error_code=0 Xid = 50
SET TIMESTAMP=1737657887/*!*/;
drop database school
/*!*/;
# at 2091
#250124 2:44:55 server id 1 end_log_pos 2135 CRC32 0x1e0f22c1 Rotate to binlog.000002 pos: 4
SET @@SESSION.GTID_NEXT= 'AUTOMATIC' /* added by mysqlbinlog */ /*!*/;
DELIMITER ;
# End of log file
/*!50003 SET COMPLETION_TYPE=@OLD_COMPLETION_TYPE*/;
/*!50530 SET @@SESSION.PSEUDO_SLAVE_MODE=0*/;
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]#
三、恢复数据步骤
1.还原思路
前面我们已经将文件完全备份了,但是后面新增的数据没有备份,怎样从日志中找到新增的数据进行增量备份并还原呢?
首先,由于上面我们先插入4个数据 (如左侧图)后进行的完全备份,所以这时我们直接还原完全备份只能得到四个数据,那么我们就需要在日志中找到新增的数据(5、6如右图)在哪
增量恢复有两种方法:基于时间点恢复 基于位置点恢复
找到时间点或者地点后,将5、6数据对应的时间/地点导出放至time文件,就可以还原增量备份了
2.具体操作
按照思路,先恢复完全备份
还原完全备份
mysql> source /mysqlbak/school.sql
mysql> select * from school.Student;
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | 陆亚 | 男 | 24 | 计算机网络 |
| 2 | tom | 男 | 26 | 英语 |
| 3 | 张阳 | 男 | 21 | 物流管理 |
| 4 | alex | 女 | 22 | 电子商务 |
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
3.增量备份——时间点
导出时间点
找到开始和结束的时间
开始:5、6条数据前 250124 2:42:37
结束:找到第6条commit之后的时间,导出来 250124 2:44:47
根据时间导出数据到time1.sql文件:
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]# mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 --start-datetime="2025-01-24 2:42:37" --stop-datetime="2025-01-24 2:44:47" -r time1.sql
查看是否有数据:
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]# vim time1.sql
将数据传到数据库:
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]# mysql < school.sql
还原增量备份
还原增量备份
mysql> source /mysqlbak/time1.sql
mysql> select * from school.Student;
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | 陆亚 | 男 | 24 | 计算机网络 |
| 2 | tom | 男 | 26 | 英语 |
| 3 | 张阳 | 男 | 21 | 物流管理 |
| 4 | alex | 女 | 22 | 电子商务 |
| 5 | xumubin | 男 | 29 | 中文专业 |
| 6 | wangzhao | 男 | 21 | 导弹专业 |
+-----+----------+------+------+-----------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.增量备份——位置点
和前面步骤差不多,先把数据库删除
mysql> drop database school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.04 sec)
还原完全备份
mysql> source /mysqlbak/school.sql
mysql> select * from school.Student;
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
| Sno | Sname | Ssex | Sage | Sdept |
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
| 1 | 陆亚 | 男 | 24 | 计算机网络 |
| 2 | tom | 男 | 26 | 英语 |
| 3 | 张阳 | 男 | 21 | 物流管理 |
| 4 | alex | 女 | 22 | 电子商务 |
+-----+--------+------+------+-----------------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
开始位置
结束位置点
位置点恢复
[root@localhost mysqlbak]# mysqlbinlog binlog.000001 --start-position=1775 --stop-position=1904 -r pos1.sql
将数据传到数据库:
[root@openeuler-1 mysqlbak]# mysql < school.sql
增量还原恢复
mysql> source /mysqlbak/pos1.sql
mysql> select * from school.Student;
ps:如果还原数据缺失,可能是结束位置点有问题,把位置点再往下挪一个