工业缺陷检测实战——基于深度学习YOLOv10神经网络PCB缺陷检测系统

基于深度学习YOLOv10神经网络PCB缺陷检测系统，其能识别六种PCB缺陷：names = {0:'missing_hole', 1:'mouse_bite', 2:'open_circuit', 3:'short', 4:'spur', 5:'spurious_copper'} CH_names = ['缺失孔','鼠标咬伤','开路','短路','杂散','伪铜']

具体图片见如下：

第一步：YOLOv10介绍

YOLOv10由Ao Wang等人于2024年提出，论文名为：《YOLOv10: Real-Time End-to-End Object Detection》，论文见：https://arxiv.org/pdf/2405.14458

YOLOv10的主要特点和改进包括：

无NMS训练：YOLOv10采用了一致的双重分配策略来进行无NMS（非最大抑制）训练，这显著减少了推理延迟。这种策略结合了一对多和一对一的标签分配，消除了在推理过程中对NMS的需求。

整体效率-精度驱动设计：YOLOv10全面优化了模型的各个组件，从效率和精度的角度减少了计算冗余，提高了参数的利用效率。

架构增强：YOLOv10使用了紧凑的倒置块（CIB）结构来增强特征提取，同时最小化计算成本。它还集成了空间-通道解耦降采样，提高了降采样的效率，同时保留了更多信息。

性能和效率：YOLOv10在速度和精度方面都超越了前代和其他最先进的模型。例如，YOLOv10-S的推理速度比RT-DETR-R18快1.8倍，同时保持了相似的精度。YOLOv10-B与YOLOv9-C相比，在相同性能下延迟减少了46%。

第二步：YOLOv10网络结构

第三步：代码展示

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license

from pathlib import Path

from ultralytics.engine.model import Model
from ultralytics.models import yolo
from ultralytics.nn.tasks import ClassificationModel, DetectionModel, OBBModel, PoseModel, SegmentationModel, WorldModel
from ultralytics.utils import ROOT, yaml_load


class YOLO(Model):
    """YOLO (You Only Look Once) object detection model."""

    def __init__(self, model="yolo11n.pt", task=None, verbose=False):
        """Initialize YOLO model, switching to YOLOWorld if model filename contains '-world'."""
        path = Path(model)
        if "-world" in path.stem and path.suffix in {".pt", ".yaml", ".yml"}:  # if YOLOWorld PyTorch model
            new_instance = YOLOWorld(path, verbose=verbose)
            self.__class__ = type(new_instance)
            self.__dict__ = new_instance.__dict__
        else:
            # Continue with default YOLO initialization
            super().__init__(model=model, task=task, verbose=verbose)

    @property
    def task_map(self):
        """Map head to model, trainer, validator, and predictor classes."""
        return {
            "classify": {
                "model": ClassificationModel,
                "trainer": yolo.classify.ClassificationTrainer,
                "validator": yolo.classify.ClassificationValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.classify.ClassificationPredictor,
            },
            "detect": {
                "model": DetectionModel,
                "trainer": yolo.detect.DetectionTrainer,
                "validator": yolo.detect.DetectionValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.detect.DetectionPredictor,
            },
            "segment": {
                "model": SegmentationModel,
                "trainer": yolo.segment.SegmentationTrainer,
                "validator": yolo.segment.SegmentationValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.segment.SegmentationPredictor,
            },
            "pose": {
                "model": PoseModel,
                "trainer": yolo.pose.PoseTrainer,
                "validator": yolo.pose.PoseValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.pose.PosePredictor,
            },
            "obb": {
                "model": OBBModel,
                "trainer": yolo.obb.OBBTrainer,
                "validator": yolo.obb.OBBValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.obb.OBBPredictor,
            },
        }


class YOLOWorld(Model):
    """YOLO-World object detection model."""

    def __init__(self, model="yolov8s-world.pt", verbose=False) -> None:
        """
        Initialize YOLOv8-World model with a pre-trained model file.

        Loads a YOLOv8-World model for object detection. If no custom class names are provided, it assigns default
        COCO class names.

        Args:
            model (str | Path): Path to the pre-trained model file. Supports *.pt and *.yaml formats.
            verbose (bool): If True, prints additional information during initialization.
        """
        super().__init__(model=model, task="detect", verbose=verbose)

        # Assign default COCO class names when there are no custom names
        if not hasattr(self.model, "names"):
            self.model.names = yaml_load(ROOT / "cfg/datasets/coco8.yaml").get("names")

    @property
    def task_map(self):
        """Map head to model, validator, and predictor classes."""
        return {
            "detect": {
                "model": WorldModel,
                "validator": yolo.detect.DetectionValidator,
                "predictor": yolo.detect.DetectionPredictor,
                "trainer": yolo.world.WorldTrainer,
            }
        }

    def set_classes(self, classes):
        """
        Set classes.

        Args:
            classes (List(str)): A list of categories i.e. ["person"].
        """
        self.model.set_classes(classes)
        # Remove background if it's given
        background = " "
        if background in classes:
            classes.remove(background)
        self.model.names = classes

        # Reset method class names
        # self.predictor = None  # reset predictor otherwise old names remain
        if self.predictor:
            self.predictor.model.names = classes

第四步：统计训练过程的一些指标，相关指标都有