✨✨作者主页:嶔某✨✨
✨✨所属专栏:MySql✨
准备工作,创建一个雇员信息表(来自oracle 9i的经典测试表)
- EMP员工表
- DEPT部门表
- SALGRADE工资等级表
多表查询
- 显示雇员名,雇员工资以及所在部门的名字
因为上面的数据来自EMP和DEPT,所以要联合查询
mysql> select ename, sal, emp.deptno from emp, dept
> where emp.deptno=dept.deptno;
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 20 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 30 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 30 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 30 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 10 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 30 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 30 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- 显示部门号为10的部门,员工名和工资
mysql> select dname,ename,sal from emp,dept
> where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and emp.deptno=10;
+------------+--------+---------+
| dname | ename | sal |
+------------+--------+---------+
| ACCOUNTING | CLARK | 2450.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | KING | 5000.00 |
| ACCOUNTING | MILLER | 1300.00 |
+------------+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示各个员工的姓名、工资、工资级别
mysql> select ename, sal, grade from emp, salgrade
> where emp.sal between losal and hisal;
+--------+---------+-------+
| ename | sal | grade |
+--------+---------+-------+
| SMITH | 800.00 | 1 |
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 3 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 2 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 4 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 2 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 4 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 4 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 4 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 5 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 3 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 1 |
| JAMES | 950.00 | 1 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 4 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 2 |
+--------+---------+-------+
14 rows in set (0.06 sec)
自连接
自连接是指在同一张表中连接查询
- 显示员工FORD的上级领导的编号和姓名(mgr是员工领导的编号-empno)
使用子查询:
mysql> select ename,empno from emp
> where (select mgr from emp where ename='FORD')=empno;
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
使用多表查询(自查询):
mysql> select leader.ename, leader.empno from emp leader,emp worker
> where leader.empno=worker.mgr and worker.ename='FORD';
+-------+--------+
| ename | empno |
+-------+--------+
| JONES | 007566 |
+-------+--------+
1 row in set (0.02 sec)
子查询
子查询是指嵌入在其他sql语句中的select语句,也叫嵌套语句
单行子查询
只返回一行记录的子查询
- 显示SMITH同一部门的员工
mysql> select * from emp where (select deptno from emp where ename='SMITH')=deptno;
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 | 800.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
| 007902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+---------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
多行子查询
返回多行记录的子查询
- in关键字:查询和10号部门的工作岗位相同的雇员的名字、岗位、工资、部门号但是不包括10自己的
mysql> select ename, job, deptno from emp
> where job in (select job from emp where deptno=10)
> and deptno<>10;
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | job | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| SMITH | CLERK | 20 |
| JONES | MANAGER | 20 |
| BLAKE | MANAGER | 30 |
| ADAMS | CLERK | 20 |
| JAMES | CLERK | 30 |
+-------+---------+--------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- all关键字:显示工资比部门30的所有员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资、部门号
mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp
> where sal > all (select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+-------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal | deptno |
+-------+---------+--------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
+-------+---------+--------+
4 rows in set (0.01 sec)
- any关键字:显示工资比部门30的任意员工的工资高的员工的姓名、工资、部门号(包含自己部门的员工)
mysql> select ename, sal, deptno from emp
> where sal > any(select sal from emp where deptno=30);
+--------+---------+--------+
| ename | sal | deptno |
+--------+---------+--------+
| ALLEN | 1600.00 | 30 |
| WARD | 1250.00 | 30 |
| JONES | 2975.00 | 20 |
| MARTIN | 1250.00 | 30 |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | 10 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 |
| TURNER | 1500.00 | 30 |
| ADAMS | 1100.00 | 20 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 |
| MILLER | 1300.00 | 10 |
+--------+---------+--------+
12 rows in set (0.01 sec)
多列子查询
单行子查询是指子查询只返回单列,单行数据;多行子查询是指返回单列多行数据,都是针对单列而言的,而多列子查询则是指查询返回多个列数据的子查询语句
- 查询和SMITH的部门和岗位完全相同的所有雇员,不包含SMITH本人
mysql> select * from emp
> where (deptno,job)=(select deptno,job from emp where ename='SMITH')
> and ename<>'SMITH';
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| empno | ename | job | mgr | hiredate | sal | comm | deptno |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
| 007876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 | NULL | 20 |
+--------+-------+-------+------+---------------------+---------+------+--------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
在from子句中使用子查询
子查询语句出现在from子句中。这里要用到数据查询的技巧,把一个子查询当做一个临时表使用。在MySql中,一切皆为表。
- 显示高于自己部门平均工资的员工的姓名、部门、工资、平均工资
mysql> select emp.ename, emp.deptno, emp.sal, format(avg_sal,2) from
> emp, (select avg(sal) avg_sal, deptno dpt from emp group by deptno) tmp
> where emp.sal>avg_sal and emp.deptno=tmp.dpt;
+-------+--------+---------+-------------------+
| ename | deptno | sal | format(avg_sal,2) |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------------+
| FORD | 20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00 |
| SCOTT | 20 | 3000.00 | 2,175.00 |
| JONES | 20 | 2975.00 | 2,175.00 |
| BLAKE | 30 | 2850.00 | 1,566.67 |
| ALLEN | 30 | 1600.00 | 1,566.67 |
| KING | 10 | 5000.00 | 2,916.67 |
+-------+--------+---------+-------------------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 查找每个部门工资最高的人的姓名、工资、部门、最高工资
mysql> select ename, sal, emp.deptno, max_sal from
> emp,(select deptno,max(sal) max_sal from emp group by deptno) tmp
> where emp.deptno=tmp.deptno and max_sal=sal;
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| ename | sal | deptno | max_sal |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | 30 | 2850.00 |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
| KING | 5000.00 | 10 | 5000.00 |
| FORD | 3000.00 | 20 | 3000.00 |
+-------+---------+--------+---------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
- 显示每个部门的信息(部门名、编号、地址)和人员数量
使用子查询
mysql> select dept.deptno, dname, cnt, loc from
> dept, (select count(*) cnt,deptno from emp group by deptno) tmp
> where dept.deptno=tmp.deptno;
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
| deptno | dname | cnt | loc |
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | 3 | NEW YORK |
| 20 | RESEARCH | 5 | DALLAS |
| 30 | SALES | 6 | CHICAGO |
+--------+------------+-----+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
使用多表(复杂、不建议)
mysql> select dept.deptno, dept.dname, dept.loc, count(*)
> from emp,dept where dept.deptno=emp.deptno
> group by dept.deptno,dept.dname,dept.loc;
+--------+------------+----------+----------+
| deptno | dname | loc | count(*) |
+--------+------------+----------+----------+
| 20 | RESEARCH | DALLAS | 5 |
| 30 | SALES | CHICAGO | 6 |
| 10 | ACCOUNTING | NEW YORK | 3 |
+--------+------------+----------+----------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
合并查询
在实际应用中,为了合并多个
select
的执行结果,可以使用集合操作符
union
,
union all
union
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,会自动去掉结果集中的重复行。
- 将工资大于2500或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select ename, sal, job from EMP where sal>2500 union
> select ename, sal, job from EMP where job='MANAGER';--去掉了重复记录
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal | job |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| KING | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER |
+-------+---------+-----------+
union all
该操作符用于取得两个结果集的并集。当使用该操作符时,不会去掉结果集中的重复行。
- 将工资大于25000或职位是MANAGER的人找出来
mysql> select ename, sal, job from EMP where sal>2500 union all
> select ename, sal, job from EMP where job='MANAGER';
+-------+---------+-----------+
| ename | sal | job |
+-------+---------+-----------+
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| SCOTT | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| KING | 5000.00 | PRESIDENT |
| FORD | 3000.00 | ANALYST |
| JONES | 2975.00 | MANAGER |
| BLAKE | 2850.00 | MANAGER |
| CLARK | 2450.00 | MANAGER |
+-------+---------+-----------+
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