文章目录
深度学习Week15——利用TensorFlow实现猫狗识别2—数据增强
一、前言
二、我的环境
三、前期工作
1、配置环境
2、导入数据
四、数据预处理
1、加载数据
2、可视化数据
3、检查数据
4、配置数据集
五、构建VGG-16模型
1、设置动态学习率
2、早停与保存最佳模型参数
五、编译模型
六、训练模型
七、预测与评估
1、Accuracy图
2、指定图像预测
八、数据增强
一、前言
- 🍨 本文为🔗365天深度学习训练营 中的学习记录博客
- 🍖 原作者:K同学啊 | 接辅导、项目定制
本篇内容分为两个部分,前面部分是学习K同学给的算法知识点以及复现,后半部分是自己的拓展与未解决的问题
本期学习内容较少,代码与上周类似,主要是理解了上周未解决的小bug,并尝试通过上下翻转使数据增强,下周系统学习数据增强函数并自己实现一个增强函数
二、我的环境
- 电脑系统:Windows 10
- 语言环境:Python 3.8.0
- 编译器:Pycharm2023.2.3
深度学习环境:TensorFlow
显卡及显存:RTX 3060 8G
三、前期工作
1、导入库并配置环境
import tensorflow as tf
gpus = tf.config.list_physical_devices("GPU")
if gpus:
tf.config.experimental.set_memory_growth(gpus[0], True) #设置GPU显存用量按需使用
tf.config.set_visible_devices([gpus[0]],"GPU")
# 打印显卡信息,确认GPU可用
print(gpus)
输出:
[PhysicalDevice(name='/physical_device:GPU:0', device_type='GPU')]
这一步与pytorch第一步类似,我们在写神经网络程序前无论是选择pytorch还是tensorflow都应该配置好gpu环境(如果有gpu的话)
2、 导入数据
导入所有猫狗图片数据,依次分别为训练集图片(train_images)、训练集标签(train_labels)、测试集图片(test_images)、测试集标签(test_labels),数据集来源于K同学啊
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
# 支持中文
plt.rcParams['font.sans-serif'] = ['SimHei'] # 用来正常显示中文标签
plt.rcParams['axes.unicode_minus'] = False # 用来正常显示负号
import os,PIL,pathlib
#隐藏警告
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
data_dir = "/home/mw/input/dogcat3675/365-7-data"
data_dir = pathlib.Path(data_dir)
image_count = len(list(data_dir.glob('*/*')))
print("图片总数为:",image_count)
#查看第一张图片:
图片总数为: 3400
四、数据预处理
1、加载数据
batch_size = 64
img_height = 224
img_width = 224
使用image_dataset_from_directory
方法将磁盘中的数据加载到tf.data.Dataset
中
tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory()
会将文件夹中的数据加载到tf.data.Dataset中,且加载的同时会打乱数据。
- class_names
- validation_split: 0和1之间的可选浮点数,可保留一部分数据用于验证。
- subset: training或validation之一。仅在设置validation_split时使用。
- seed: 用于shuffle和转换的可选随机种子。
- batch_size: 数据批次的大小。默认值:32
- image_size: 从磁盘读取数据后将其重新调整大小。默认:(256,256)。由于管道处理的图像批次必须具有相同的大小,因此该参数必须提供。
"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章:https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
train_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
data_dir,
validation_split=0.2,
subset="training",
seed=12,
image_size=(img_height, img_width),
batch_size=batch_size)
输出:
Found 3400 files belonging to 2 classes.
Using 2720 files for training.
"""
关于image_dataset_from_directory()的详细介绍可以参考文章:https://mtyjkh.blog.csdn.net/article/details/117018789
"""
val_ds = tf.keras.preprocessing.image_dataset_from_directory(
data_dir,
validation_split=0.2,
subset="validation",
seed=12,
image_size=(img_height, img_width),
batch_size=batch_size)
输出:
Found 3400 files belonging to 2 classes.
Using 680 files for validation.
我们可以通过class_names输出数据集的标签。标签将按字母顺序对应于目录名称。
class_names = train_ds.class_names
print(class_names)
[‘cat’, ‘dog’]
2、再次检查数据
for image_batch, labels_batch in train_ds:
print(image_batch.shape)
print(labels_batch.shape)
break
(64, 224, 224, 3)
(64,)
Image_batch
是形状的张量(64,224,224,3)。这是一批形状224x224x3的64张图片(最后一维指的是彩色通道RGB。
Label_batch
是形状(64,)的张量,这些标签对应64张图片
3、配置数据集
shuffle():
打乱数据prefetch():
预取数据,加速运行- cache():将数据集缓存到内存当中,加速运行
如果不使用prefetch()
,CPU 和 GPU/TPU 在大部分时间都处于空闲状态:
使用prefetch()
可显著减少空闲时间:
AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
def preprocess_image(image,label):
return (image/255.0,label)
# 归一化处理
train_ds = train_ds.map(preprocess_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds = val_ds.map(preprocess_image, num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
train_ds = train_ds.cache().shuffle(1000).prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
val_ds = val_ds.cache().prefetch(buffer_size=AUTOTUNE)
4. 数据可视化
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 10)) # 图形的宽为15高为10
for images, labels in train_ds.take(1):
for i in range(8):
ax = plt.subplot(5, 8, i + 1)
plt.imshow(images[i])
plt.title(class_names[labels[i]])
plt.axis("off")
五 、构建VGG-16模型
- 输入层:
输入层负责接收原始数据,将数据传递到网络中的第一层。 - 卷积层:
卷积层使用卷积核对输入数据进行滤波操作,以提取图像中的特征。 - 池化层:
池化层用于对卷积层的输出进行下采样,以减少数据的维度和计算量。 - 全连接层:
全连接层起到“特征提取器”的作用,将前面层的特征表示映射到输出层。 - 输出层:
输出层负责输出模型的预测结果。
结构说明:
- 13个卷积层(Convolutional Layer),分别用
blockX_convX
表示 - 3个全连接层(Fully connected Layer),分别用
fcX
与predictions
表示 - 5个池化层(Pool layer),分别用
blockX_pool
表示
VGG-16包含了16个隐藏层(13个卷积层和3个全连接层),故称为VGG-16
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models, Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Dense, Flatten, Dropout
def VGG16(nb_classes, input_shape):
input_tensor = Input(shape=input_shape)
# 1st block
x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv1')(input_tensor)
x = Conv2D(64, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block1_conv2')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block1_pool')(x)
# 2nd block
x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv1')(x)
x = Conv2D(128, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block2_conv2')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block2_pool')(x)
# 3rd block
x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv1')(x)
x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv2')(x)
x = Conv2D(256, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block3_conv3')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block3_pool')(x)
# 4th block
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv1')(x)
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv2')(x)
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block4_conv3')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block4_pool')(x)
# 5th block
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv1')(x)
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv2')(x)
x = Conv2D(512, (3,3), activation='relu', padding='same',name='block5_conv3')(x)
x = MaxPooling2D((2,2), strides=(2,2), name = 'block5_pool')(x)
# full connection
x = Flatten()(x)
x = Dense(4096, activation='relu', name='fc1')(x)
x = Dense(4096, activation='relu', name='fc2')(x)
output_tensor = Dense(nb_classes, activation='softmax', name='predictions')(x)
model = Model(input_tensor, output_tensor)
return model
model=VGG16(1000, (img_width, img_height, 3))
model.summary()
Model: "model"
_________________________________________________________________
Layer (type) Output Shape Param #
=================================================================
input_1 (InputLayer) [(None, 224, 224, 3)] 0
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 1792
_________________________________________________________________
block1_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 224, 224, 64) 36928
_________________________________________________________________
block1_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 112, 112, 64) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 73856
_________________________________________________________________
block2_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 112, 112, 128) 147584
_________________________________________________________________
block2_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 56, 56, 128) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 295168
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 56, 56, 256) 590080
_________________________________________________________________
block3_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 28, 28, 256) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 1180160
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 28, 28, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block4_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv1 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv2 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_conv3 (Conv2D) (None, 14, 14, 512) 2359808
_________________________________________________________________
block5_pool (MaxPooling2D) (None, 7, 7, 512) 0
_________________________________________________________________
flatten (Flatten) (None, 25088) 0
_________________________________________________________________
fc1 (Dense) (None, 4096) 102764544
_________________________________________________________________
fc2 (Dense) (None, 4096) 16781312
_________________________________________________________________
predictions (Dense) (None, 1000) 4097000
=================================================================
Total params: 138,357,544
Trainable params: 138,357,544
Non-trainable params: 0
_________________________________________________________________
自己构建VGG-16模型
首先,导入了必要的模块:layers
, models
, tensorflow.keras
库的模块,用于构建神经网络模型。
其次,定义函数VGG16(nb_classes, input_shape)
,接受两个参数:类别:nb_classes
和形状 input_shape
表示输入数据的形状。
通过Input
函数创建了一个输入张量input_tensor
,形状为input_shape
按照VGG16的结构,定义卷积层和池化层:
使用 ReLU 作为激活函数,让卷积层分布在不同的block
中,每个block
中有若干个卷积层,每个block
之间有一个池化层。每个卷积层后面跟着一个池化层,通过MaxPooling2D
函数实现。
在所有卷积和池化层之后,添加了全连接层:
通过Flatten层将卷积层输出的特征图展平成一维向量。
然后通过两个Dense层定义包含4096个神经元的全连接层,每个层包含4096个神经元,并使用 ReLU 作为激活函数。
六、编译模型
具体函数解释参考第八周博客或者K同学啊的博客!
- 损失函数(loss):用于衡量模型在训练期间的准确率。
- 优化器(optimizer):决定模型如何根据其看到的数据和自身的损失函数进行更新。
- 评价函数(metrics):用于监控训练和测试步骤。以下示例使用了准确率,即被正确分类的图像的比率。
model.compile(optimizer="adam",
loss ='sparse_categorical_crossentropy',
metrics =['accuracy'])
七、训练模型
from tqdm import tqdm
import tensorflow.keras.backend as K
epochs = 10
lr = 1e-4
# 记录训练数据,方便后面的分析
history_train_loss = []
history_train_accuracy = []
history_val_loss = []
history_val_accuracy = []
for epoch in range(epochs):
train_total = len(train_ds)
val_total = len(val_ds)
"""
total:预期的迭代数目
ncols:控制进度条宽度
mininterval:进度更新最小间隔,以秒为单位(默认值:0.1)
"""
with tqdm(total=train_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}',mininterval=1,ncols=100) as pbar:
lr = lr*0.92
K.set_value(model.optimizer.lr, lr)
for image,label in train_ds:
"""
训练模型,简单理解train_on_batch就是:它是比model.fit()更高级的一个用法
想详细了解 train_on_batch 的同学,
可以看看我的这篇文章:https://www.yuque.com/mingtian-fkmxf/hv4lcq/ztt4gy
"""
history = model.train_on_batch(image,label)
train_loss = history[0]
train_accuracy = history[1]
pbar.set_postfix({"loss": "%.4f"%train_loss,
"accuracy":"%.4f"%train_accuracy,
"lr": K.get_value(model.optimizer.lr)})
pbar.update(1)
history_train_loss.append(train_loss)
history_train_accuracy.append(train_accuracy)
print('开始验证!')
with tqdm(total=val_total, desc=f'Epoch {epoch + 1}/{epochs}',mininterval=0.3,ncols=100) as pbar:
for image,label in val_ds:
history = model.test_on_batch(image,label)
val_loss = history[0]
val_accuracy = history[1]
pbar.set_postfix({"loss": "%.4f"%val_loss,
"accuracy":"%.4f"%val_accuracy})
pbar.update(1)
history_val_loss.append(val_loss)
history_val_accuracy.append(val_accuracy)
print('结束验证!')
print("验证loss为:%.4f"%val_loss)
print("验证准确率为:%.4f"%val_accuracy)
七、预测
1、Accuracy图与Loss图
epochs_range = range(epochs)
plt.figure(figsize=(12, 4))
plt.subplot(1, 2, 1)
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_train_accuracy, label='Training Accuracy')
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_val_accuracy, label='Validation Accuracy')
plt.legend(loc='lower right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Accuracy')
plt.subplot(1, 2, 2)
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_train_loss, label='Training Loss')
plt.plot(epochs_range, history_val_loss, label='Validation Loss')
plt.legend(loc='upper right')
plt.title('Training and Validation Loss')
plt.show()
结果:
2. 指定数据预测
import numpy as np
# 采用加载的模型(new_model)来看预测结果
plt.figure(figsize=(18, 3)) # 图形的宽为18高为5
plt.suptitle("预测结果展示")
for images, labels in val_ds.take(1):
for i in range(8):
ax = plt.subplot(1,8, i + 1)
# 显示图片
plt.imshow(images[i].numpy())
# 需要给图片增加一个维度
img_array = tf.expand_dims(images[i], 0)
# 使用模型预测图片中的人物
predictions = model.predict(img_array)
plt.title(class_names[np.argmax(predictions)])
plt.axis("off")
八、数据增强
我们使用tf.keras.layers.experimental.preprocessing.RandomFlip
:水平和垂直随机翻转每个图像来增强数据,来生成大量的不同但相关的图像。这些变换使模型在训练过程中能够看到更多的变化,从而增强其对不同情况下的泛化能力,同时可以学习到更为普遍的特征,从而降低过拟合的风险
data_augmentation = tf.keras.Sequential(tf.keras.layers.experimental.preprocessing.RandomFlip("horizontal_and_vertical"))
# Add the image to a batch.
image = tf.expand_dims(images[i], 0)
plt.figure(figsize=(8, 8))
for i in range(9):
augmented_image = data_augmentation(image)
ax = plt.subplot(3, 3, i + 1)
plt.imshow(augmented_image[0])
plt.axis("off")
batch_size = 32
AUTOTUNE = tf.data.AUTOTUNE
def prepare(ds):
ds = ds.map(lambda x, y: (data_augmentation(x, training=True), y), num_parallel_calls=AUTOTUNE)
return ds
train_ds = prepare(train_ds)
from tensorflow.keras import layers, models, Input
from tensorflow.keras.models import Model
from tensorflow.keras.layers import Conv2D, MaxPooling2D, Dense, Flatten, Dropout
model = tf.keras.Sequential([
layers.Conv2D(16, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
layers.Conv2D(32, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
layers.Conv2D(64, 3, padding='same', activation='relu'),
layers.MaxPooling2D(),
layers.Flatten(),
layers.Dense(128, activation='relu'),
layers.Dense(len(class_names))
])
model.compile(optimizer='adam',
loss=tf.keras.losses.SparseCategoricalCrossentropy(from_logits=True),
metrics=['accuracy'])
epochs=20
history = model.fit(
train_ds,
validation_data=val_ds,
epochs=epochs
)
Epoch 1/20
43/43 [==============================] - 18s 103ms/step - loss: 1.2824 - accuracy: 0.5495 - val_loss: 0.4272 - val_accuracy: 0.8941
Epoch 2/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.3326 - accuracy: 0.8815 - val_loss: 0.1882 - val_accuracy: 0.9309
Epoch 3/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 54ms/step - loss: 0.1614 - accuracy: 0.9488 - val_loss: 0.1493 - val_accuracy: 0.9412
Epoch 4/20
43/43 [==============================] - 2s 54ms/step - loss: 0.1215 - accuracy: 0.9557 - val_loss: 0.0950 - val_accuracy: 0.9721
Epoch 5/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 54ms/step - loss: 0.0906 - accuracy: 0.9666 - val_loss: 0.0791 - val_accuracy: 0.9691
Epoch 6/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0614 - accuracy: 0.9768 - val_loss: 0.1131 - val_accuracy: 0.9559
Epoch 7/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0603 - accuracy: 0.9807 - val_loss: 0.0692 - val_accuracy: 0.9794
Epoch 8/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0577 - accuracy: 0.9793 - val_loss: 0.0609 - val_accuracy: 0.9779
Epoch 9/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0511 - accuracy: 0.9825 - val_loss: 0.0546 - val_accuracy: 0.9779
Epoch 10/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0462 - accuracy: 0.9871 - val_loss: 0.0628 - val_accuracy: 0.9765
Epoch 11/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0327 - accuracy: 0.9895 - val_loss: 0.0790 - val_accuracy: 0.9721
Epoch 12/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0242 - accuracy: 0.9938 - val_loss: 0.0580 - val_accuracy: 0.9794
Epoch 13/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0354 - accuracy: 0.9907 - val_loss: 0.0797 - val_accuracy: 0.9735
Epoch 14/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0276 - accuracy: 0.9900 - val_loss: 0.0810 - val_accuracy: 0.9691
Epoch 15/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0243 - accuracy: 0.9931 - val_loss: 0.1063 - val_accuracy: 0.9676
Epoch 16/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0253 - accuracy: 0.9914 - val_loss: 0.1142 - val_accuracy: 0.9721
Epoch 17/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0205 - accuracy: 0.9937 - val_loss: 0.0726 - val_accuracy: 0.9706
Epoch 18/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0154 - accuracy: 0.9948 - val_loss: 0.0741 - val_accuracy: 0.9765
Epoch 19/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 56ms/step - loss: 0.0155 - accuracy: 0.9966 - val_loss: 0.0870 - val_accuracy: 0.9721
Epoch 20/20
43/43 [==============================] - 3s 55ms/step - loss: 0.0259 - accuracy: 0.9907 - val_loss: 0.1194 - val_accuracy: 0.9721
loss, acc = model.evaluate(test_ds)
print("Accuracy", acc)
2/2 [==============================] - 0s 15ms/step - loss: 0.0521 - accuracy: 1.0000
Accuracy 1.0