多层感知机
激活函数
激活函数（activation function）通过计算加权和并加上偏置来确定神经元是否应该被激活， 它们将输入信号转换为输出的可微运算。 大多数激活函数都是非线性的。 由于激活函数是深度学习的基础，下面简要介绍一些常见的激活函数。
#引入包
%matplotlib inline
import torch
from d2l import torch as d2l
ReLU函数
x = torch.arange(-8.0, 8.0, 0.1, requires_grad=True)
y = torch.relu(x)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), y.detach(), 'x', 'relu(x)', figsize=(5, 2.5))
y.backward(torch.ones_like(x), retain_graph=True)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), x.grad, 'x', 'grad of relu', figsize=(5, 2.5))
公式：
pReLU
(
x
)
=
max
(
0
,
x
)
+
α
min
(
0
,
x
)
.
\operatorname{pReLU}(x) = \max(0, x) + \alpha \min(0, x).
pReLU(x)=max(0,x)+αmin(0,x).
sigmoid函数
[对于一个定义域在
R
\mathbb{R}
R中的输入，
sigmoid函数将输入变换为区间(0, 1)上的输出]。
因此，sigmoid通常称为挤压函数（squashing function）：
它将范围（-inf, inf）中的任意输入压缩到区间（0, 1）中的某个值：
sigmoid
(
x
)
=
1
1
+
exp
(
−
x
)
.
\operatorname{sigmoid}(x) = \frac{1}{1 + \exp(-x)}.
sigmoid(x)=1+exp(−x)1.
函数图形：
y = torch.sigmoid(x)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), y.detach(), 'x', 'sigmoid(x)', figsize=(5, 2.5))
sigmoid函数的导数为下面的公式：
d d x sigmoid ( x ) = exp ( − x ) ( 1 + exp ( − x ) ) 2 = sigmoid ( x ) ( 1 − sigmoid ( x ) ) . \frac{d}{dx} \operatorname{sigmoid}(x) = \frac{\exp(-x)}{(1 + \exp(-x))^2} = \operatorname{sigmoid}(x)\left(1-\operatorname{sigmoid}(x)\right). dxdsigmoid(x)=(1+exp(−x))2exp(−x)=sigmoid(x)(1−sigmoid(x)).
# 清除以前的梯度
x.grad.data.zero_()
y.backward(torch.ones_like(x),retain_graph=True)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), x.grad, 'x', 'grad of sigmoid', figsize=(5, 2.5))
tanh函数
与sigmoid函数类似，
[tanh(双曲正切)函数也能将其输入压缩转换到区间(-1, 1)上]。
tanh函数的公式如下：
tanh
(
x
)
=
1
−
exp
(
−
2
x
)
1
+
exp
(
−
2
x
)
.
\operatorname{tanh}(x) = \frac{1 - \exp(-2x)}{1 + \exp(-2x)}.
tanh(x)=1+exp(−2x)1−exp(−2x).
函数图形：
y = torch.tanh(x)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), y.detach(), 'x', 'tanh(x)', figsize=(5, 2.5))
tanh函数的导数是：
d d x tanh ( x ) = 1 − tanh 2 ( x ) . \frac{d}{dx} \operatorname{tanh}(x) = 1 - \operatorname{tanh}^2(x). dxdtanh(x)=1−tanh2(x).
导数图像：
# 清除以前的梯度
x.grad.data.zero_()
y.backward(torch.ones_like(x),retain_graph=True)
d2l.plot(x.detach(), x.grad, 'x', 'grad of tanh', figsize=(5, 2.5))
多层感知机的从零开始实现
#初始化模型参数
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens = 784, 10, 256
W1 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(
num_inputs, num_hiddens, requires_grad=True) * 0.01)
b1 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_hiddens, requires_grad=True))
W2 = nn.Parameter(torch.randn(
num_hiddens, num_outputs, requires_grad=True) * 0.01)
b2 = nn.Parameter(torch.zeros(num_outputs, requires_grad=True))
params = [W1, b1, W2, b2]
#激活函数
def relu(X):
a = torch.zeros_like(X)
return torch.max(X, a)
#模型
def net(X):
X = X.reshape((-1, num_inputs))
H = relu(X@W1 + b1) # 这里“@”代表矩阵乘法
return (H@W2 + b2)
#损失函数
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
#训练
num_epochs, lr = 10, 0.1
updater = torch.optim.SGD(params, lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, updater)
#评估
d2l.predict_ch3(net, test_iter)
多层感知机的简洁实现
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
#模型
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Flatten(),
nn.Linear(784, 256),
nn.ReLU(),
nn.Linear(256, 10))
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
nn.init.normal_(m.weight, std=0.01)
net.apply(init_weights);
batch_size, lr, num_epochs = 256, 0.1, 10
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)
多项式回归
import math
import numpy as np
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
#生成数据集
max_degree = 20 # 多项式的最大阶数
n_train, n_test = 100, 100 # 训练和测试数据集大小
true_w = np.zeros(max_degree) # 分配大量的空间
true_w[0:4] = np.array([5, 1.2, -3.4, 5.6])
features = np.random.normal(size=(n_train + n_test, 1))
np.random.shuffle(features)
poly_features = np.power(features, np.arange(max_degree).reshape(1, -1))
for i in range(max_degree):
poly_features[:, i] /= math.gamma(i + 1) # gamma(n)=(n-1)!
# labels的维度:(n_train+n_test,)
labels = np.dot(poly_features, true_w)
labels += np.random.normal(scale=0.1, size=labels.shape)
# NumPy ndarray转换为tensor
true_w, features, poly_features, labels = [torch.tensor(x, dtype=
torch.float32) for x in [true_w, features, poly_features, labels]]
features[:2], poly_features[:2, :], labels[:2]
#对模型进行训练和测试
def evaluate_loss(net, data_iter, loss): #@save
"""评估给定数据集上模型的损失"""
metric = d2l.Accumulator(2) # 损失的总和,样本数量
for X, y in data_iter:
out = net(X)
y = y.reshape(out.shape)
l = loss(out, y)
metric.add(l.sum(), l.numel())
return metric[0] / metric[1]
def train(train_features, test_features, train_labels, test_labels,
num_epochs=400):
loss = nn.MSELoss(reduction='none')
input_shape = train_features.shape[-1]
# 不设置偏置，因为我们已经在多项式中实现了它
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(input_shape, 1, bias=False))
batch_size = min(10, train_labels.shape[0])
train_iter = d2l.load_array((train_features, train_labels.reshape(-1,1)),
batch_size)
test_iter = d2l.load_array((test_features, test_labels.reshape(-1,1)),
batch_size, is_train=False)
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=0.01)
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epoch', ylabel='loss', yscale='log',
xlim=[1, num_epochs], ylim=[1e-3, 1e2],
legend=['train', 'test'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
d2l.train_epoch_ch3(net, train_iter, loss, trainer)
if epoch == 0 or (epoch + 1) % 20 == 0:
animator.add(epoch + 1, (evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss),
evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))
print('weight:', net[0].weight.data.numpy())
三阶多项式函数拟合(正常)
# 从多项式特征中选择前4个维度，即1,x,x^2/2!,x^3/3!
train(poly_features[:n_train, :4], poly_features[n_train:, :4],
labels[:n_train], labels[n_train:]
线性函数拟合(欠拟合)
# 从多项式特征中选择前2个维度，即1和x
train(poly_features[:n_train, :2], poly_features[n_train:, :2],
labels[:n_train], labels[n_train:])
高阶多项式函数拟合(过拟合)
# 从多项式特征中选取所有维度
train(poly_features[:n_train, :], poly_features[n_train:, :],
labels[:n_train], labels[n_train:], num_epochs=1500)
权重衰减
高维线性回归从零开始实现
%matplotlib inline
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
n_train, n_test, num_inputs, batch_size = 20, 100, 200, 5
true_w, true_b = torch.ones((num_inputs, 1)) * 0.01, 0.05
train_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_train)
train_iter = d2l.load_array(train_data, batch_size)
test_data = d2l.synthetic_data(true_w, true_b, n_test)
test_iter = d2l.load_array(test_data, batch_size, is_train=False)
#初始化模型参数
def init_params():
w = torch.normal(0, 1, size=(num_inputs, 1), requires_grad=True)
b = torch.zeros(1, requires_grad=True)
return [w, b]
#定义L2范数惩罚
def l2_penalty(w):
return torch.sum(w.pow(2)) / 2
# 定义训练代码实现
def train(lambd):
w, b = init_params()
net, loss = lambda X: d2l.linreg(X, w, b), d2l.squared_loss
num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log',
xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
for X, y in train_iter:
# 增加了L2范数惩罚项，
# 广播机制使l2_penalty(w)成为一个长度为batch_size的向量
l = loss(net(X), y) + lambd * l2_penalty(w)
l.sum().backward()
d2l.sgd([w, b], lr, batch_size)
if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
animator.add(epoch + 1, (d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss),
d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))
print('w的L2范数是：', torch.norm(w).item())
#忽略正则化直接训练
train(lambd=0)
#使用权重衰减
train(lambd=3)
简洁实现
def train_concise(wd):
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Linear(num_inputs, 1))
for param in net.parameters():
param.data.normal_()
loss = nn.MSELoss(reduction='none')
num_epochs, lr = 100, 0.003
# 偏置参数没有衰减
trainer = torch.optim.SGD([
{"params":net[0].weight,'weight_decay': wd},
{"params":net[0].bias}], lr=lr)
animator = d2l.Animator(xlabel='epochs', ylabel='loss', yscale='log',
xlim=[5, num_epochs], legend=['train', 'test'])
for epoch in range(num_epochs):
for X, y in train_iter:
trainer.zero_grad()
l = loss(net(X), y)
l.mean().backward()
trainer.step()
if (epoch + 1) % 5 == 0:
animator.add(epoch + 1,
(d2l.evaluate_loss(net, train_iter, loss),
d2l.evaluate_loss(net, test_iter, loss)))
print('w的L2范数：', net[0].weight.norm().item())
train_concise(0)
train_concise(3)
Dropout
从零开始实现
import torch
from torch import nn
from d2l import torch as d2l
def dropout_layer(X, dropout):
assert 0 <= dropout <= 1
# 在本情况中，所有元素都被丢弃
if dropout == 1:
return torch.zeros_like(X)
# 在本情况中，所有元素都被保留
if dropout == 0:
return X
mask = (torch.rand(X.shape) > dropout).float()
return mask * X / (1.0 - dropout)
X= torch.arange(16, dtype = torch.float32).reshape((2, 8))
print(X)
print(dropout_layer(X, 0.))
print(dropout_layer(X, 0.5))
print(dropout_layer(X, 1.))
#定义模型参数
num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens1, num_hiddens2 = 784, 10, 256, 256
#定义模型
dropout1, dropout2 = 0.2, 0.5
class Net(nn.Module):
def __init__(self, num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens1, num_hiddens2,
is_training = True):
super(Net, self).__init__()
self.num_inputs = num_inputs
self.training = is_training
self.lin1 = nn.Linear(num_inputs, num_hiddens1)
self.lin2 = nn.Linear(num_hiddens1, num_hiddens2)
self.lin3 = nn.Linear(num_hiddens2, num_outputs)
self.relu = nn.ReLU()
def forward(self, X):
H1 = self.relu(self.lin1(X.reshape((-1, self.num_inputs))))
# 只有在训练模型时才使用dropout
if self.training == True:
# 在第一个全连接层之后添加一个dropout层
H1 = dropout_layer(H1, dropout1)
H2 = self.relu(self.lin2(H1))
if self.training == True:
# 在第二个全连接层之后添加一个dropout层
H2 = dropout_layer(H2, dropout2)
out = self.lin3(H2)
return out
net = Net(num_inputs, num_outputs, num_hiddens1, num_hiddens2)
#训练和测试
num_epochs, lr, batch_size = 10, 0.5, 256
loss = nn.CrossEntropyLoss(reduction='none')
train_iter, test_iter = d2l.load_data_fashion_mnist(batch_size)
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)
简洁实现
net = nn.Sequential(nn.Flatten(),
nn.Linear(784, 256),
nn.ReLU(),
# 在第一个全连接层之后添加一个dropout层
nn.Dropout(dropout1),
nn.Linear(256, 256),
nn.ReLU(),
# 在第二个全连接层之后添加一个dropout层
nn.Dropout(dropout2),
nn.Linear(256, 10))
def init_weights(m):
if type(m) == nn.Linear:
nn.init.normal_(m.weight, std=0.01)
net.apply(init_weights);
trainer = torch.optim.SGD(net.parameters(), lr=lr)
d2l.train_ch3(net, train_iter, test_iter, loss, num_epochs, trainer)
