文章目录
- 红黑树
- 红黑树的概念
- 红黑树的性质
- 红黑树节点的定义
- 红黑树的插入
- 代码实现
- 总结
红黑树
AVL树是一颗绝对平衡的二叉搜索树,要求每个节点的左右高度差的绝对值不超过1,这样保证查询时的高效时间复杂度O( l o g 2 N ) log_2 N) log2N),但是要维护其绝对平衡,旋转的次数比较多。因此,如果一颗树的结构经常修改,那么AVL树就不太合适,所以就有了红黑树。
红黑树的概念
红黑树,是一种二叉搜索树,但在每个结点上增加一个存储位表示结点的颜色,可以是Red或Black。 通过对任何一条从根到叶子的路径上各个结点着色方式的限制,红黑树确保没有一条路径会比其他路径长出两倍,因而是接近平衡的。
红黑树的性质
- 每个节点不是红色就是黑色
- 根节点是黑色的
- 不存在连续的红色节点
- 任意一条从根到叶子的路径上的黑色节点的数量相同
根据上面的性质,红黑树就可以确保没有一条路径会比其他路径长出两倍,因为每条路径上的黑色节点的数量相同,所以理论上最短边一定都是黑色节点,最长边一定是一黑一红的不断重复的路径。
红黑树节点的定义
enum Color
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;
Color _col;
pair<K, V> _kv;
RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
:_left(nullptr)
,_right(nullptr)
,_parent(nullptr)
,_col(RED)
,_kv(kv)
{}
};
插入新节点的颜色一定是红色,因为如果新节点的颜色是黑色,那么每条路径上的黑色节点的数量就不相同了,处理起来就比较麻烦,所以宁愿出现连续的红色节点,也不能让某一条路径上多出一个黑色节点。
红黑树的插入
1.根据二叉搜索树的规则插入新节点
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* curr = _root;
Node* parent = nullptr;
while (curr)
{
if (curr->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_right;
}
else if (curr->_kv.first > kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
curr = new Node(kv);
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
parent->_right = curr;
else
parent->_left = curr;
curr->_parent = parent;
........
2.测新节点插入后,红黑树的性质是否造到破坏
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* curr = _root;
Node* parent = nullptr;
while (curr)
{
if (curr->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_right;
}
else if (curr->_kv.first > kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
curr = new Node(kv);
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
parent->_right = curr;
else
parent->_left = curr;
curr->_parent = parent;
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
curr = grandfather;
parent = curr->_parent;
}
else
{
if (curr == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
//c
RotatoR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
RotatoL(parent);
RotatoR(grandfather);
curr->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
else
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
curr = grandfather;
parent = curr->_parent;
}
else
{
if (curr == parent->_right)
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotatoL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotatoR(parent);
RotatoL(grandfather);
curr->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
void RotatoL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
parent->_right = subRL;
if (subRL)
subRL->_parent = parent;
subR->_left = parent;
Node* ppnode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subR;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subR;
subR->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppnode->_left == parent)
ppnode->_left = subR;
else
ppnode->_right = subR;
subR->_parent = ppnode;
}
}
void RotatoR(Node* parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
parent->_left = subLR;
if (subLR)
subLR->_parent = parent;
subL->_right = parent;
Node* ppnode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subL;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subL;
subL->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppnode->_left == parent)
ppnode->_left = subL;
else
ppnode->_right = subL;
subL->_parent = ppnode;
}
}
代码实现
#pragma once
#include <utility>
namespace lw
{
enum Color
{
RED,
BLACK
};
template<class K, class V>
struct RBTreeNode
{
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _left;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _right;
RBTreeNode<K, V>* _parent;
Color _col;
pair<K, V> _kv;
RBTreeNode(const pair<K, V>& kv)
:_left(nullptr)
,_right(nullptr)
,_parent(nullptr)
,_col(RED)
,_kv(kv)
{}
};
template<class K, class V>
class RBTree
{
typedef RBTreeNode<K, V> Node;
public:
bool Insert(const pair<K, V>& kv)
{
if (_root == nullptr)
{
_root = new Node(kv);
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
Node* curr = _root;
Node* parent = nullptr;
while (curr)
{
if (curr->_kv.first < kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_right;
}
else if (curr->_kv.first > kv.first)
{
parent = curr;
curr = curr->_left;
}
else
{
return false;
}
}
curr = new Node(kv);
if (parent->_kv.first < kv.first)
parent->_right = curr;
else
parent->_left = curr;
curr->_parent = parent;
while (parent && parent->_col == RED)
{
Node* grandfather = parent->_parent;
if (parent == grandfather->_left)
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_right;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
curr = grandfather;
parent = curr->_parent;
}
else
{
if (curr == parent->_left)
{
// g
// p u
//c
RotatoR(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// p u
// c
RotatoL(parent);
RotatoR(grandfather);
curr->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
else
{
Node* uncle = grandfather->_left;
if (uncle && uncle->_col == RED)
{
parent->_col = uncle->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
curr = grandfather;
parent = curr->_parent;
}
else
{
if (curr == parent->_right)
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotatoL(grandfather);
parent->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
else
{
// g
// u p
// c
RotatoR(parent);
RotatoL(grandfather);
curr->_col = BLACK;
grandfather->_col = RED;
}
break;
}
}
}
_root->_col = BLACK;
return true;
}
void RotatoL(Node* parent)
{
Node* subR = parent->_right;
Node* subRL = subR->_left;
parent->_right = subRL;
if (subRL)
subRL->_parent = parent;
subR->_left = parent;
Node* ppnode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subR;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subR;
subR->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppnode->_left == parent)
ppnode->_left = subR;
else
ppnode->_right = subR;
subR->_parent = ppnode;
}
}
void RotatoR(Node* parent)
{
Node* subL = parent->_left;
Node* subLR = subL->_right;
parent->_left = subLR;
if (subLR)
subLR->_parent = parent;
subL->_right = parent;
Node* ppnode = parent->_parent;
parent->_parent = subL;
if (parent == _root)
{
_root = subL;
subL->_parent = nullptr;
}
else
{
if (ppnode->_left == parent)
ppnode->_left = subL;
else
ppnode->_right = subL;
subL->_parent = ppnode;
}
}
void InOrder()
{
_InOrder(_root);
}
bool IsBalance()
{
if (_root && _root->_col == RED)
return false;
Node* left = _root;
int count = 0;
while (left)
{
if (left->_col == BLACK)
count++;
left = left->_left;
}
return check(_root, 0, count);
}
private:
bool check(Node* root, int count, int refBlackNumber)
{
if (root == nullptr)
{
if (count == refBlackNumber)
return true;
else
return false;
}
if (root->_col == RED && root->_parent->_col == RED)
return false;
if (root->_col == BLACK)
count++;
return check(root->_left, count, refBlackNumber)
&& check(root->_right, count, refBlackNumber);
}
void _InOrder(Node* root)
{
if (root == nullptr)
return;
_InOrder(root->_left);
cout << root->_kv.first << " : " << root->_kv.second << endl;
_InOrder(root->_right);
}
Node* _root = nullptr;
};
}
总结
红黑树和AVL树都是高效的平衡二叉树,增删改查的时间复杂度都是O( l o g 2 N log_2 N log2N),红黑树不追求绝对平衡,其只需保证最长路径不超过最短路径的2倍,相对而言,降低了插入和旋转的次数,所以在经常进行增删的结构中性能比AVL树更优,而且红黑树实现比较简单,所以实际运用中红黑树更多。