第二部分阶段总结

- 1.知识补充
- - 1.1 nolocal关键字
  - 1.2 yield from
  - 1.3 深浅拷贝
- 2.阶段总结
- 3.考试题

1.知识补充

1.1 nolocal关键字

在之前的课程中，我们学过global关键字。

name = 'root'


def outer():
    name = "武沛齐"

    def inner():
        global name
        name = 123

    inner()
    print(name)


outer()
print(name)

其实，还有一个nolocal关键字，用的比较少，此处作为了解即可。

name = 'root'


def outer():
    name = "武沛齐"

    def inner():
        nonlocal name
        name = 123

    inner()
    print(name)


outer()
print(name)

name = 'root'


def outer():
    name = 'alex'

    def func():
        name = "武沛齐"

        def inner():
            nonlocal name
            name = 123

        inner()
        print(name)

    func()
    print(name)


outer()
print(name)

name = 'root'


def outer():
    name = 'alex'

    def func():
        nonlocal name
        name = "武沛齐"

        def inner():
            nonlocal name
            name = 123

        inner()
        print(name)

    func()
    print(name)


outer()
print(name)

1.2 yield from

在生成器部分我们了解了yield关键字，其在python3.3之后有引入了一个yield from。

def foo():
    yield 2
    yield 2
    yield 2


def func():
    yield 1
    yield 1
    yield 1
    yield from foo()
    yield 1
    yield 1


for item in func():
    print(item)

1.3 深浅拷贝

浅拷贝

不可变类型，不拷贝。
```
import copy

v1 = "武沛齐"
print(id(v1)) # 140652260947312

v2 = copy.copy(v1) 
print(id(v2)) # 140652260947312
```
按理说拷贝v1之后，v2的内存地址应该不同，但由于python内部优化机制，内存地址是相同的，因为对不可变类型而言，如果以后修改值，会重新创建一份数据，不会影响原数据，所以，不拷贝也无妨。

可变类型，只拷贝第一层。

import copy

v1 = ["武沛齐", "root", [44, 55]]
print(id(v1))  # 140405837216896
print(id(v1[2]))  # 140405837214592

v2 = copy.copy(v1)
print(id(v2))  # 140405837214784
print(id(v2[2]))  # 140405837214592

在这里插入图片描述

深拷贝

不可变类型，不拷贝

import copy

v1 = "武沛齐"
print(id(v1))  # 140188538697072

v2 = copy.deepcopy(v1)
print(id(v2))  # 140188538697072

特殊的元组：

元组元素中无可变类型，不拷贝

import copy

v1 = ("武沛齐", "root")
print(id(v1))  # 140243298961984

v2 = copy.deepcopy(v1)
print(id(v2))  # 140243298961984

元素元素中有可变类型，找到所有【可变类型】或【含有可变类型的元组】均拷贝一份

import copy

v1 = ("武沛齐", "root", [11, [44, 55], (11, 22), (11, [], 22), 33])
v2 = copy.deepcopy(v1)

print(id(v1))  # 140391475456384
print(id(v2))  # 140391475456640

print(id(v1[2]))  # 140352552779008
print(id(v2[2]))  # 140352552920448

print(id(v1[2][1]))  # 140642999940480
print(id(v2[2][1]))  # 140643000088832

print(id(v1[2][2]))  # 140467039914560
print(id(v2[2][2]))  # 140467039914560

print(id(v1[2][3]))  # 140675479841152
print(id(v2[2][3]))  # 140675480454784

可变类型，找到所有层级的【可变类型】或【含有可变类型的元组】均拷贝一份

import copy

v1 = ["武沛齐", "root", [11, [44, 55], (11, 22), (11, [], 22), 33]]
v2 = copy.deepcopy(v1)

print(id(v1))  # 140391475456384
print(id(v2))  # 140391475456640

print(id(v1[2]))  # 140352552779008
print(id(v2[2]))  # 140352552920448

print(id(v1[2][1]))  # 140642999940480
print(id(v2[2][1]))  # 140643000088832

print(id(v1[2][2]))  # 140467039914560
print(id(v2[2][2]))  # 140467039914560

print(id(v1[2][3]))  # 140675479841152
print(id(v2[2][3]))  # 140675480454784

import copy

v1 = ["武沛齐", "root", [44, 55]]
v2 = copy.deepcopy(v1)

print(id(v1))  # 140405837216896
print(id(v2))  # 140405837214784


print(id(v1[2]))  # 140563140392256
print(id(v2[2]))  # 140563140535744