一、跳表数据结构
跳表是有序表的一种,其底层是通过链表实现的。链表的特点是插入删除效率高,但是查找节点效率很低,最坏的时间复杂度是O(N),那么跳表就是解决这一痛点而生的。
为了提高查询效率,我们可以给链表加上索引,利用二分查找的思路,每两个节点抽取一个索引,根据数据规模,提升索引的高度,索引的最高层级为logN,那么跳跃表支持平均0 (1ogN),这样可以快读提高节点访问速度。由于在原始链表的基础上加索引,这些索引需要额外的存储空间,所以这是典型的通过空间换时间。下图简单描述跳跃表原理:
如果要访问8这个歌节点元素,在没有索引的情况下,需要遍历链表8次才能找到目标节点,但是通过跳表访问(1 -> 5 -> 7-> 7->7 -> 8) ,只需要访问6次,数据规模越大优势越明显。
对于提取索引,理论上每隔两个元素生成一个索引节点,但是在具体情况下,链表是动态的,删除和增加节点的时机很难确定,通过两个节点维护索引的方式开销成本很大。那么如何添加索引,一个新增节点要不要加索引,索引加到第几层,为了解决这个问题,可以通过投掷硬币的方式(随机数模2),连续投掷正面几次,那么这个次数就是索引的层级。
二、跳表代码实现
1、跳表结构、操作函数声明
#ifndef SKIPLINKLIST_H__
#define SKIPLINKLIST_H__
#include <stdio.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <stdbool.h>
#include <time.h>
#include <math.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#define MAX_LEVEL 8
//定义数据域
typedef int SkipLinkListData;
typedef struct skiplinklistnode
{
int level;
SkipLinkListData data;
struct skiplinklistnode* next;
struct skiplinklistnode* down;
} SkipLinkListNode;
/**
* 创建链表节点
*/
SkipLinkListNode* create_skiplinklist_node(SkipLinkListData data,int level);
/**
* 插入节点
*/
void insert_skiplinklist_node(SkipLinkListNode* head,SkipLinkListData data);
/**
* 维护索引
*/
void create_skiplinklist_index(SkipLinkListNode** index,SkipLinkListNode* node);
/**
* 随机数投硬币获取索引层高
*/
int random_skiplinklistnode_level();
/**
* 遍历跳表
*/
void show_skiplinglistnode_all(SkipLinkListNode* head);
/**
* 查询节点
*/
SkipLinkListNode* search_skiplinklistnode(SkipLinkListNode* head,SkipLinkListData data);
/**
* 删除跳表元素 重组索引 s
* 删除的过程其实也是查找
*/
void delete_skiplinklistnode(SkipLinkListNode* head,SkipLinkListData data);
#endif
2、跳表增删查操作定义
#include "./skiplinklist.h"
SkipLinkListNode* create_skiplinklist_node(SkipLinkListData data,int level){
SkipLinkListNode* node = (SkipLinkListNode*) malloc(sizeof(SkipLinkListNode));
if(node==NULL)
{
perror("create node fail");
return NULL;
}
node->level = level;
node->data = data;
node->next = NULL;
node->down = NULL;
return node;
}
void insert_skiplinklist_node(SkipLinkListNode *head, SkipLinkListData data)
{
SkipLinkListNode *down_ptr = head->down;
if (down_ptr == NULL)
{
head->down = create_skiplinklist_node(data, 0);
return;
}
int level = random_skiplinklistnode_level();
if(down_ptr->level<level)
{
level = down_ptr->level +1;
}
SkipLinkListNode* index_node = NULL;
/// 当前层级小于随机高度时候,需要升级索引
if(down_ptr->level<level){
/// 向上升级一层索引
level = down_ptr->level +1;
SkipLinkListNode* down_node = create_skiplinklist_node(down_ptr->data,level);
index_node = create_skiplinklist_node(data,level);
down_node->next = index_node;
down_node->down = down_ptr;
head->down = down_node;
}
/// 搜索节点
while (down_ptr!= NULL && down_ptr->data<=data && down_ptr->level>0)
{
SkipLinkListNode* next_ptr = down_ptr->next;
// 查找当前层级索引,定位到离当前数值的最大索引值
while (next_ptr != NULL && next_ptr->data<=data && next_ptr->next!=NULL)
{
next_ptr = next_ptr->next;
}
/// 维护索引
if(down_ptr->level<=level){
SkipLinkListNode* new_node = create_skiplinklist_node(data, down_ptr->level);
if(next_ptr==NULL)
{
/// 如果当前层索引到达最后一个值,则跳到下一层索引
down_ptr->next=new_node;
}
else
{
new_node->next = next_ptr->next;
next_ptr->next = new_node;
}
create_skiplinklist_index(&index_node,new_node);
}
///跳转下一层索引
down_ptr = next_ptr != NULL?next_ptr->down:down_ptr->down;
}
/// 遍历链表 数据插入链表
while (down_ptr != NULL&&down_ptr->next!=NULL&&down_ptr->next->data<data)
{
down_ptr = down_ptr->next;
}
SkipLinkListNode* node = create_skiplinklist_node(data, 0);
SkipLinkListNode* next_node = down_ptr->next;
down_ptr->next = node;
node->next = next_node;
if(index_node!=NULL)
{
create_skiplinklist_index(&index_node,node);
}
}
void create_skiplinklist_index(SkipLinkListNode** index_node,SkipLinkListNode* new_node)
{
if ((*index_node) == NULL)
{
(*index_node) = new_node;
}
else
{
SkipLinkListNode* tmp_node = (*index_node);
while (tmp_node != NULL)
{
if (tmp_node->down == NULL)
{
tmp_node->down = new_node;
break;
}
tmp_node = tmp_node->down;
}
}
}
int random_skiplinklistnode_level()
{
int level = 0;
int mod = 2;
while (rand() % mod == 0 )
{
level++;
}
return level>=MAX_LEVEL?MAX_LEVEL:level;
}
void show_skiplinglistnode_all(SkipLinkListNode* head)
{
SkipLinkListNode* down_ptr = head->down;
while (down_ptr!=NULL)
{
if(down_ptr->level==0)
{
printf("原 始链表: %d ",down_ptr->data);
}
else
{
printf("第%d层索引: %d ",down_ptr->level,down_ptr->data);
}
SkipLinkListNode* next_ptr = down_ptr->next;
while (next_ptr!=NULL)
{
printf("%d ",next_ptr->data);
next_ptr = next_ptr->next;
}
down_ptr= down_ptr->down;
printf("\n");
}
printf("\n");
}
SkipLinkListNode* search_skiplinklistnode(SkipLinkListNode* head,SkipLinkListData data)
{
SkipLinkListNode* down_ptr = head->down;
/// 索引查找
while (down_ptr!=NULL && down_ptr->data<=data && down_ptr->level>0)
{
printf("遍历第%d层次节点:%d\n",down_ptr->level,down_ptr->data);
if(down_ptr->next!=NULL && down_ptr->next->data>data)
{
down_ptr = down_ptr->down;
continue;
}
SkipLinkListNode* next_ptr = down_ptr->next;
while (next_ptr != NULL && next_ptr->data<=data && next_ptr->next!=NULL&& next_ptr->next->data<=data)
{
next_ptr = next_ptr->next;
printf("遍历第%d层次节点:%d\n",next_ptr->level,next_ptr->data);
}
///跳转下一层索引
down_ptr = next_ptr != NULL?next_ptr->down:down_ptr->down;
}
//到达底层链表 遍历目标值
while (down_ptr!=NULL)
{
if(down_ptr->data==data)
{
printf("遍历第%d层次节点,命中目标%d\n",down_ptr->level,down_ptr->data);
return down_ptr;
}
down_ptr = down_ptr->next;
}
printf("遍历结束目标节点%d不存在\n",data);
printf("\n");
return NULL;
}
void delete_skiplinklistnode(SkipLinkListNode *head, SkipLinkListData data)
{
printf("删除元素开始\n");
SkipLinkListNode *down_ptr = head->down;
while (down_ptr != NULL && down_ptr->data < data && down_ptr->level > 0)
{
printf("遍历第%d层次节点:%d\n", down_ptr->level, down_ptr->data);
if (down_ptr->next != NULL && down_ptr->next->data>=data)
{
/// 处理要删除的节点存在索引节点
if(down_ptr->next->data==data)
{
SkipLinkListNode* index_ptr = down_ptr->next;
down_ptr->next = down_ptr->next->next;
printf("删除第%d层索引%d\n",index_ptr->level,index_ptr->data);
free(index_ptr);
}
down_ptr = down_ptr->down;
continue;
}
SkipLinkListNode *next_ptr = down_ptr->next;
while (next_ptr != NULL && next_ptr->data < data && next_ptr->next != NULL && next_ptr->next->data <= data)
{
if(next_ptr->next->data==data)
{
SkipLinkListNode* index_node= next_ptr->next;
next_ptr->next = next_ptr->next->next;
free(index_node);
continue;
}
next_ptr = next_ptr->next;
printf("遍历第%d层次节点:%d\n", next_ptr->level, next_ptr->data);
}
/// 跳转下一层索引
down_ptr = next_ptr != NULL ? next_ptr->down : down_ptr->down;
}
while (down_ptr!=NULL)
{
if(down_ptr->next!=NULL && down_ptr->next->data==data)
{
SkipLinkListNode* traget_node = down_ptr->next;
down_ptr->next = down_ptr->next->next;
free(traget_node);
}
down_ptr=down_ptr->next;
}
printf("删除元素结束\n");
}
三、跳表测试
void test_skiplinklist()
{
SkipLinkListNode* head = create_skiplinklist_node(0,0);
SkipLinkListData i;
int c = 30;
for(i=1;i<c;i++)
{
insert_skiplinklist_node(head,i);
}
show_skiplinglistnode_all(head);
search_skiplinklistnode(head,28);
delete_skiplinklistnode(head,15);
show_skiplinglistnode_all(head);
}