Python接口自动化浅析requests请求封装原理

以下主要介绍如何封装请求

还记得我们之前写的get请求、post请求么？

大家应该有体会，每个请求类型都写成单独的函数，代码复用性不强。

接下来将请求类型都封装起来，自动化用例都可以用这个封装的请求类进行请求

将常用的get、post请求封装起来

import requests

class RequestHandler:

def get(self, url, **kwargs):

"""封装get方法"""

# 获取请求参数

params = kwargs.get("params")

headers = kwargs.get("headers")

try:

result = requests.get(url, params=params, headers=headers)

return result

except Exception as e:

print("get请求错误: %s" % e)

def post(self, url, **kwargs):

"""封装post方法"""

# 获取请求参数

params = kwargs.get("params")

data = kwargs.get("data")

json = kwargs.get("json")

try:

result = requests.post(url, params=params, data=data, json=json)

return result

except Exception as e:

print("post请求错误: %s" % e)

def run_main(self, method, **kwargs):

"""

判断请求类型

:param method: 请求接口类型

:param kwargs: 选填参数

:return: 接口返回内容

"""

if method == 'get':

result = self.get(**kwargs)

return result

elif method == 'post':

result = self.post(**kwargs)

return result

else:

print('请求接口类型错误')

if __name__ == '__main__':

# 以下是测试代码

# get请求接口

url = 'https://api.apiopen.top/getJoke?page=1&count=2&type=video'

res = RequestHandler().get(url)

# post请求接口

url2 = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'

payload = {

"username": "vivi",

"password": "123456"

}

res2 = RequestHandler().post(url2,json=payload)

print(res.json())

print(res2.json())

请求结果如下：

'message': '成功!',

'result': [{'sid': '31004305',

'text': '羊：师傅，理个发，稍微修一下就行',

'type': 'video',

'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.jpg',

'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0410/5e8fbf227c7f3_wpd.mp4',

'images': None,

'up': '95',

'down': '1',

'forward': '0',

'comment': '25',

'uid': '23189193',

'name': '青川小舟',

'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/12/24/5e01934bb01b5_mini.jpg',

'top_comments_content':None,

'top_comments_voiceuri': None,

'top_comments_uid': None,

'top_comments_name': None,

'top_comments_header': None,

'passtime': '2020-04-12 01:43:02'},

{'sid': '30559863',

'text': '机器人女友，除了不能生孩子，其他的啥都会，价格239000元',

'type': 'video',

'thumbnail': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/picture/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.jpg',

'video': 'http://uvideo.spriteapp.cn/video/2020/0306/5e61a41172a1b_wpd.mp4',

'images': None, 'up': '80', 'down': '6',

'forward': '3',

'comment': '20',

'uid': '23131273',

'name': '水到渠成',

'header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile/large/2019/07/04/5d1d90349cd1a_mini.jpg',

'top_comments_content': '为游戏做的秀',

'top_comments_voiceuri': '',

'top_comments_uid': '10250040',

'top_comments_name': '不得姐用户',

'top_comments_header': 'http://wimg.spriteapp.cn/profile',

'passtime': '2020-04-11 20:43:49'}]}

{'token': 'eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4NTc0MzcsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.k6y0dAfNU2o9Hd9LFfxEk1HKgczlQfUaKE-imPfTsm4',

'user_id': 1,

'username': 'vivi'}

这样就完美了吗，no,no,no。

以上代码痛点如下：

代码量大：只是封装了get、post请求，加上其他请求类型，代码量较大；

缺少会话管理：请求之间如何保持会话状态。

我们再来回顾下get、post等请求源码，看下是否有啥特点。

get请求源码：

def get(url, params=None, **kwargs):

r"""Sends a GET request.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send

in the query string for the :class:`Request`.

:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

:rtype: requests.Response

"""

kwargs.setdefault('allow_redirects', True)

return request('get', url, params=params, **kwargs)

post请求源码：

def post(url, data=None, json=None, **kwargs):

r"""Sends a POST request.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like

object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param json: (optional) json data to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param \*\*kwargs: Optional arguments that ``request`` takes.

:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

:rtype: requests.Response

"""

return request('post', url, data=data, json=json, **kwargs)

仔细研究下，发现get、post请求返回的都是request函数。

再来研究下request源码：

def request(method, url, **kwargs):

"""Constructs and sends a :class:`Request <Request>`.

:param method: method for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param url: URL for the new :class:`Request` object.

:param params: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples or bytes to send

in the query string for the :class:`Request`.

:param data: (optional) Dictionary, list of tuples, bytes, or file-like

object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param json: (optional) A JSON serializable Python object to send in the body of the :class:`Request`.

:param headers: (optional) Dictionary of HTTP Headers to send with the :class:`Request`.

:param cookies: (optional) Dict or CookieJar object to send with the :class:`Request`.

:param files: (optional) Dictionary of ``'name': file-like-objects`` (or ``{'name': file-tuple}``) for multipart encoding upload.

``file-tuple`` can be a 2-tuple ``('filename', fileobj)``, 3-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type')``

or a 4-tuple ``('filename', fileobj, 'content_type', custom_headers)``, where ``'content-type'`` is a string

defining the content type of the given file and ``custom_headers`` a dict-like object containing additional headers

to add for the file.

:param auth: (optional) Auth tuple to enable Basic/Digest/Custom HTTP Auth.

:param timeout: (optional) How many seconds to wait for the server to send data

before giving up, as a float, or a :ref:`(connect timeout, read

timeout) <timeouts>` tuple.

:type timeout: float or tuple

:param allow_redirects: (optional) Boolean. Enable/disable GET/OPTIONS/POST/PUT/PATCH/DELETE/HEAD redirection. Defaults to ``True``.

:type allow_redirects: bool

:param proxies: (optional) Dictionary mapping protocol to the URL of the proxy.

:param verify: (optional) Either a boolean, in which case it controls whether we verify

the server's TLS certificate, or a string, in which case it must be a path

to a CA bundle to use. Defaults to ``True``.

:param stream: (optional) if ``False``, the response content will be immediately downloaded.

:param cert: (optional) if String, path to ssl client cert file (.pem). If Tuple, ('cert', 'key') pair.

:return: :class:`Response <Response>` object

:rtype: requests.Response

Usage::

>>> import requests

>>> req = requests.request('GET', 'https://httpbin.org/get')

<Response [200]>

"""

# By using the 'with' statement we are sure the session is closed, thus we

# avoid leaving sockets open which can trigger a ResourceWarning in some

# cases, and look like a memory leak in others.

with sessions.Session() as session:

return session.request(method=method, url=url, **kwargs)

源码看起来很长，其实只有三行，大部分是代码注释。

从源码中可以看出，不管是get还是post亦或其他请求类型，最终都是调用request函数。

既然这样，我们可以不像之前那样，在类内定义get方法、post方法，而是定义一个通用的方法

直接调用request函数

看起来有点绕，用代码实现就清晰了。

import requests

class RequestHandler:

def __init__(self):

"""session管理器"""

self.session = requests.session()

def visit(self, method, url, params=None, data=None, json=None, headers=None, **kwargs):

return self.session.request(method,url, params=params, data=data, json=json, headers=headers,**kwargs)

def close_session(self):

"""关闭session"""

self.session.close()

if __name__ == '__main__':

# 以下是测试代码

# post请求接口

url = 'http://127.0.0.1:8000/user/login/'

payload = {

"username": "vivi",

"password": "123456"

}

req = RequestHandler()

login_res = req.visit("post", url, json=payload)

print(login_res.text)

响应结果：

{

"token": "eyJ0eXAiOiJKV1QiLCJhbGciOiJIUzI1NiJ9.eyJ1c2VyX2lkIjoxLCJ1c2VybmFtZSI6InZpdmkiLCJleHAiOjE1ODY4Njk3ODQsImVtYWlsIjoidml2aUBxcS5jb20ifQ.OD4HIv8G0HZ_RCk-GTVAZ9ADRjwqr3o0E32CC_2JMLg",

"user_id": 1,

"username": "vivi"

}

这次请求封装简洁实用，当然小伙伴们也可以根据自己的需求自行封装。

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