今日运维之-Mac笔记本python环境问题

1. 问题：MAC升级系统后git报错？

Error: Can't create update lock in /usr/local/var/homebrew/locks!
Fix permissions by running:
  sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/var/homebrew
Traceback (most recent call last):
	11: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb:23:in `<main>'
	10: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/brew.rb:23:in `require_relative'
	 9: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/global.rb:29:in `<top (required)>'
	 8: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/vendor/portable-ruby/2.6.3/lib/ruby/2.6.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:54:in `require'
	 7: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/vendor/portable-ruby/2.6.3/lib/ruby/2.6.0/rubygems/core_ext/kernel_require.rb:54:in `require'
	 6: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os.rb:3:in `<top (required)>'
	 5: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os.rb:21:in `<module:OS>'
	 4: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os/mac.rb:58:in `prerelease?'
	 3: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os/mac.rb:24:in `version'
	 2: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os/mac.rb:24:in `new'
	 1: from /usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/os/mac/version.rb:26:in `initialize'
/usr/local/Homebrew/Library/Homebrew/version.rb:368:in `initialize': Version value must be a string; got a NilClass () (TypeError)

解决办法：

以上错误因升级系统后开发工具需要更新，于是使用以下命令更新工具，需要大概15-20分钟不等，看网络环境

xcode-select --install

2. 问题：多个python版本如何配置？

安装python新的包：MAC中安装过多个版本的python，3.6，3.7，3.8，希望用较新的的版本

解决办法：

将对应/usr/local/bin/目录下的python3，pip3文件，替换成python3.8对应的快捷方式即可。

输入命令检查默认python3是3.8了，成功后，看到python3和pip3版本都是3.8

pip3 --version

3. 问题：pip3 intall报错pg_config executable not found.如何解决？

pip3 install -r /xxx/.../requirements.txt -i https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple

遇到报错

 ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
     command: /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/bin/python3.8 -c 'import sys, setuptools, tokenize; sys.argv[0] = '"'"'/private/var/folders/wq/kx6ydl213rl_fw7bv3m5sbnm0000gs/T/pip-install-vjae8obl/psycopg2/setup.py'"'"'; __file__='"'"'/private/var/folders/wq/kx6ydl213rl_fw7bv3m5sbnm0000gs/T/pip-install-vjae8obl/psycopg2/setup.py'"'"';f=getattr(tokenize, '"'"'open'"'"', open)(__file__);code=f.read().replace('"'"'\r\n'"'"', '"'"'\n'"'"');f.close();exec(compile(code, __file__, '"'"'exec'"'"'))' egg_info --egg-base pip-egg-info
         cwd: /private/var/folders/wq/kx6ydl213rl_fw7bv3m5sbnm0000gs/T/pip-install-vjae8obl/psycopg2/
    Complete output (23 lines):
    running egg_info
    creating pip-egg-info/psycopg2.egg-info
    writing pip-egg-info/psycopg2.egg-info/PKG-INFO
    writing dependency_links to pip-egg-info/psycopg2.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
    writing top-level names to pip-egg-info/psycopg2.egg-info/top_level.txt
    writing manifest file 'pip-egg-info/psycopg2.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
    
    Error: pg_config executable not found.
    
    pg_config is required to build psycopg2 from source.  Please add the directory
    containing pg_config to the $PATH or specify the full executable path with the
    option:
    
        python setup.py build_ext --pg-config /path/to/pg_config build ...
    
    or with the pg_config option in 'setup.cfg'.
    
    If you prefer to avoid building psycopg2 from source, please install the PyPI
    'psycopg2-binary' package instead.
    
    For further information please check the 'doc/src/install.rst' file (also at
    <https://www.psycopg.org/docs/install.html>).
    
    ----------------------------------------
ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1: python setup.py egg_info Check the logs for full command output.

这个报错，缺少必要的系统依赖

psycopg2 是一个 PostgreSQL 数据库的适配器，它在编译安装时需要一些系统级的开发库。

解决办法：

macOS：可以使用 Homebrew 来安装所需的依赖。打开终端并执行以下命令：

brew install postgresql

4. 问题：brew安装库没权限如何解决？

Error: Can't create update lock in /usr/local/var/homebrew/locks!
Fix permissions by running:

解决办法：

1. 修复权限

根据错误提示，通过运行特定命令来修复 /usr/local/var/homebrew/locks 目录的权限。以下是具体步骤：

打开终端：在 macOS 中，通过 “聚焦搜索”（按下 Command + Space 组合键），输入 “终端” 并打开它。
执行权限修复命令：在终端中输入以下命令并回车，该命令会将 /usr/local/var/homebrew/locks 目录的所有者设置为当前用户：

sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/var/homebrew/locks

执行该命令后，系统会提示你输入管理员密码。输入密码时，终端不会显示任何字符，输入完成后按下回车键即可。

2. 检查 Homebrew 目录整体权限

有时，除了 locks 目录，Homebrew 的其他目录也可能存在权限问题。你可以通过以下命令修复 Homebrew 相关目录的权限：

sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/Homebrew
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/Caskroom
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/Cellar
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/Frameworks
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/lib
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/opt
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/sbin
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/share
sudo chown -R $(whoami) /usr/local/etc

如果有些目录不存在应该也可以暂时不必管。后面需要再操作一次命令。

3. 重新执行 Homebrew 操作

完成权限修复后，你可以再次尝试执行之前失败的 Homebrew 操作，例如更新 Homebrew：

brew update

通过以上步骤，你应该能够解决 Homebrew 权限问题，使 Homebrew 操作正常进行。如果问题仍然存在，可能需要进一步检查系统的安全设置或文件系统是否存在异常。

5. 问题：brew update很慢怎么切换镜像？

解决办法：

sudo chown -R $(whoami) $(brew --prefix)/*

cd "$(brew --repo)"

git remote set-url origin https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/brew.git

cd "$(brew --repo)/Library/Taps/homebrew/homebrew-core"

git remote set-url origin https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/homebrew-core.git

echo 'export HOMEBREW_BOTTLE_DOMAIN=https://mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/homebrew-bottles' >> ~/.bash_profile

source ~/.bash_profile

brew update

再次安装brew install postgresql，即可成功

安装完成后再次运行pip3 install命令：

pip3 install -r /xx/x.../requirements.txt -i https://pypi.mirrors.ustc.edu.cn/simple又又报错了

6. 问题：报错pyproject.toml无法安装相关python库

ERROR: Exception:
Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/cli/base_command.py", line 188, in main
    status = self.run(options, args)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/commands/install.py", line 345, in run
    resolver.resolve(requirement_set)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 196, in resolve
    self._resolve_one(requirement_set, req)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 359, in _resolve_one
    abstract_dist = self._get_abstract_dist_for(req_to_install)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/legacy_resolve.py", line 305, in _get_abstract_dist_for
    abstract_dist = self.preparer.prepare_linked_requirement(
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/operations/prepare.py", line 214, in prepare_linked_requirement
    abstract_dist.prepare_distribution_metadata(
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/distributions/source.py", line 30, in prepare_distribution_metadata
    self.req.load_pyproject_toml()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/req/req_install.py", line 501, in load_pyproject_toml
    pyproject_toml_data = load_pyproject_toml(
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_internal/pyproject.py", line 66, in load_pyproject_toml
    pp_toml = pytoml.load(f)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pytoml/parser.py", line 11, in load
    return loads(fin.read(), translate=translate, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook, filename=getattr(fin, 'name', repr(fin)))
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pytoml/parser.py", line 24, in loads
    ast = _p_toml(src, object_pairs_hook=object_pairs_hook)
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pytoml/parser.py", line 340, in _p_toml
    s.expect_eof()
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pytoml/parser.py", line 125, in expect_eof
    return self._expect(self.consume_eof())
  File "/Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.8/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pytoml/parser.py", line 165, in _expect
    raise TomlError('msg', self._pos[0], self._pos[1], self._filename)
pip._vendor.pytoml.core.TomlError: /private/var/folders/wq/kx6ydl213rl_fw7bv3m5sbnm0000gs/T/pip-install-rwhgygf_/bcrypt/pyproject.toml(62, 1): msg