在 Ubuntu 系统下，测试 NVME SSD 的读写速度，有好多种方法，常用的有如下几种：
1. Gnome-disks
Gnome-disks（也称为“Disks”）是 GNOME 桌面环境中的磁盘管理工具，有图形界面，是测试 NVME SSD 读写速度操作最方便的一种。
可以通过以下方式安装：
sudo apt update
sudo apt install gnome-disk-utility
安装完成后，从 Settings 选择 Disks，打开该应用。
也可以在 Run Programm 下键入 gnomes-disks 直接运行：
在左侧的设备列表中选择你的固态硬盘，然后点击右上角的菜单图标（三个竖点），选择 "Benchmark Disk" 来进行速度测试。
下面是一个 128GB SSD 的测试结果：
作为对比，这是 一张 64GB SD 卡的结果，看起来性能比较差：
另一张 SD 卡：
2. hdparm
当然，也可以使用 hdparm 来测试去读取速度：
sudo apt-get install hdparm
sudo hdparm -Tt /dev/mmcblk0
/dev/mmcblk0:
Timing cached reads: 9082 MB in 2.00 seconds = 4546.07 MB/sec
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Invalid argument
Timing buffered disk reads: 36 MB in 3.11 seconds = 11.57 MB/secsudo hdparm -Tt /dev/nvme0n1
/dev/nvme0n1:
Timing cached reads: 9754 MB in 2.00 seconds = 4882.31 MB/sec
HDIO_DRIVE_CMD(identify) failed: Inappropriate ioctl for device
Timing buffered disk reads: 1056 MB in 3.00 seconds = 351.64 MB/sec3. fio
fio 是一个功能强大的磁盘性能测试工具，可以执行各种读取和写入测试，并提供详细的性能报告。
可以使用以下命令安装 fio：
sudo apt update
sudo apt install fio
安装完成后，创建一个配置文件，例如：test_ssd.fio，并在其中定义测试的参数。
[global]
ioengine=libaio
direct=1
runtime=60
time_based
bs=4k
numjobs=1
size=1G
[test_ssd_read]
filename=/dev/nvme0n1
rw=read
[test_ssd_write]
filename=/dev/nvme0n1
rw=write
[test_ssd_randrw]
filename=/dev/nvme0n1
rw=randrw然后，在终端中运行以下命令来执行测试：
sudo fio test_ssd.fio
test_ssd_read: (g=0): rw=read, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1
test_ssd_write: (g=0): rw=write, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1
test_ssd_randrw: (g=0): rw=randrw, bs=(R) 4096B-4096B, (W) 4096B-4096B, (T) 4096B-4096B, ioengine=libaio, iodepth=1
fio-3.16
Starting 3 processes
Jobs: 3 (f=3): [R(1),W(1),m(1)][100.0%][r=40.2MiB/s,w=81.1MiB/s][r=10.3k,w=20.8k IOPS][eta 00m:00s]
test_ssd_read: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=11250: Mon Jan 6 13:43:18 2025
read: IOPS=6125, BW=23.9MiB/s (25.1MB/s)(1436MiB/60001msec)
slat (usec): min=3, max=7732, avg=14.71, stdev=30.46
clat (nsec): min=1750, max=23628k, avg=144762.35, stdev=177571.14
lat (usec): min=37, max=23643, avg=160.05, stdev=180.14
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 52], 5.00th=[ 55], 10.00th=[ 66], 20.00th=[ 73],
| 30.00th=[ 79], 40.00th=[ 104], 50.00th=[ 125], 60.00th=[ 141],
| 70.00th=[ 163], 80.00th=[ 192], 90.00th=[ 262], 95.00th=[ 306],
| 99.00th=[ 367], 99.50th=[ 392], 99.90th=[ 3458], 99.95th=[ 3720],
| 99.99th=[ 5866]
bw ( KiB/s): min=22280, max=25600, per=58.79%, avg=24492.71, stdev=542.05, samples=119
iops : min= 5570, max= 6400, avg=6123.14, stdev=135.51, samples=119
lat (usec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.19%
lat (usec) : 100=38.84%, 250=49.97%, 500=10.75%, 750=0.04%, 1000=0.02%
lat (msec) : 2=0.04%, 4=0.11%, 10=0.02%, 20=0.01%, 50=0.01%
cpu : usr=5.19%, sys=16.83%, ctx=367841, majf=0, minf=18
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=367511,0,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
test_ssd_write: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=11251: Mon Jan 6 13:43:18 2025
write: IOPS=16.3k, BW=63.7MiB/s (66.8MB/s)(3820MiB/60001msec); 0 zone resets
slat (usec): min=3, max=1150, avg=13.95, stdev= 2.73
clat (nsec): min=1167, max=3738.0k, avg=43920.67, stdev=12785.94
lat (usec): min=28, max=3742, avg=58.42, stdev=13.36
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 41], 5.00th=[ 41], 10.00th=[ 42], 20.00th=[ 42],
| 30.00th=[ 42], 40.00th=[ 43], 50.00th=[ 43], 60.00th=[ 43],
| 70.00th=[ 44], 80.00th=[ 46], 90.00th=[ 48], 95.00th=[ 51],
| 99.00th=[ 60], 99.50th=[ 65], 99.90th=[ 114], 99.95th=[ 174],
| 99.99th=[ 326]
bw ( KiB/s): min=62512, max=69112, per=79.17%, avg=65189.33, stdev=725.54, samples=119
iops : min=15628, max=17278, avg=16297.32, stdev=181.38, samples=119
lat (usec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=93.90%
lat (usec) : 100=5.97%, 250=0.10%, 500=0.01%, 750=0.01%, 1000=0.01%
lat (msec) : 2=0.01%, 4=0.01%
cpu : usr=13.82%, sys=39.91%, ctx=977956, majf=0, minf=13
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=0,978007,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
test_ssd_randrw: (groupid=0, jobs=1): err= 0: pid=11252: Mon Jan 6 13:43:18 2025
read: IOPS=4290, BW=16.8MiB/s (17.6MB/s)(1006MiB/60001msec)
slat (usec): min=3, max=4648, avg=14.43, stdev=20.50
clat (usec): min=2, max=8482, avg=142.87, stdev=154.52
lat (usec): min=29, max=8497, avg=157.87, stdev=156.10
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 46], 5.00th=[ 50], 10.00th=[ 70], 20.00th=[ 73],
| 30.00th=[ 77], 40.00th=[ 89], 50.00th=[ 116], 60.00th=[ 137],
| 70.00th=[ 161], 80.00th=[ 200], 90.00th=[ 265], 95.00th=[ 318],
| 99.00th=[ 383], 99.50th=[ 408], 99.90th=[ 3163], 99.95th=[ 3654],
| 99.99th=[ 4146]
bw ( KiB/s): min=15536, max=21768, per=41.20%, avg=17163.20, stdev=1419.46, samples=119
iops : min= 3884, max= 5442, avg=4290.76, stdev=354.88, samples=119
write: IOPS=4286, BW=16.7MiB/s (17.6MB/s)(1005MiB/60001msec); 0 zone resets
slat (usec): min=3, max=8166, avg=15.19, stdev=26.92
clat (usec): min=2, max=10019, avg=51.45, stdev=52.63
lat (usec): min=28, max=10041, avg=67.20, stdev=59.35
clat percentiles (usec):
| 1.00th=[ 41], 5.00th=[ 42], 10.00th=[ 42], 20.00th=[ 42],
| 30.00th=[ 43], 40.00th=[ 43], 50.00th=[ 43], 60.00th=[ 44],
| 70.00th=[ 47], 80.00th=[ 50], 90.00th=[ 75], 95.00th=[ 104],
| 99.00th=[ 113], 99.50th=[ 130], 99.90th=[ 215], 99.95th=[ 314],
| 99.99th=[ 2540]
bw ( KiB/s): min=15312, max=21620, per=20.81%, avg=17139.04, stdev=1449.15, samples=119
iops : min= 3828, max= 5405, avg=4284.72, stdev=362.32, samples=119
lat (usec) : 4=0.02%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%, 50=42.73%, 100=24.79%
lat (usec) : 250=26.79%, 500=5.53%, 750=0.02%, 1000=0.01%
lat (msec) : 2=0.02%, 4=0.07%, 10=0.01%, 20=0.01%
cpu : usr=7.95%, sys=23.05%, ctx=514776, majf=0, minf=20
IO depths : 1=100.0%, 2=0.0%, 4=0.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
submit : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
complete : 0=0.0%, 4=100.0%, 8=0.0%, 16=0.0%, 32=0.0%, 64=0.0%, >=64=0.0%
issued rwts: total=257454,257191,0,0 short=0,0,0,0 dropped=0,0,0,0
latency : target=0, window=0, percentile=100.00%, depth=1
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
READ: bw=40.7MiB/s (42.7MB/s), 16.8MiB/s-23.9MiB/s (17.6MB/s-25.1MB/s), io=2441MiB (2560MB), run=60001-60001msec
WRITE: bw=80.4MiB/s (84.3MB/s), 16.7MiB/s-63.7MiB/s (17.6MB/s-66.8MB/s), io=4825MiB (5059MB), run=60001-60001msec
Disk stats (read/write):
nvme0n1: ios=624031/1233179, merge=0/0, ticks=84957/51088, in_queue=136046, util=100.00%
将 numjobs参数改为：8，最后结果如下：
Run status group 0 (all jobs):
READ: bw=177MiB/s (186MB/s), 8521KiB/s-13.6MiB/s (8726kB/s-14.2MB/s), io=10.4GiB (11.1GB), run=60001-60006msec
WRITE: bw=280MiB/s (294MB/s), 8509KiB/s-27.0MiB/s (8713kB/s-29.3MB/s), io=16.4GiB (17.6GB), run=60001-60006msec
Disk stats (read/write):
nvme0n1: ios=2713427/4292312, merge=0/0, ticks=702077/462120, in_queue=1164198, util=100.00%
可见，设置不同的参数，测得的结果也大不相同，参数灵活，使用复杂。
老徐，2025/01/06
