【AndroidAPP】权限被拒绝:[android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE]，USB设备访问权限系统报错

一、问题原因

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1.安卓安全性变更

Android 12+ 的安全性变更，Google 引入了更严格的 PendingIntent 安全管理，强制要求开发者明确指定 PendingIntent 的可变性（Mutable）或不可变性（Immutable）。
但是，在从 Android 14+ (API 34) 开始，FLAG_MUTABLE 和隐式 Intent 的组合会被禁止。因此，在使用静态的广播请求的时候，FLAG_MUTABLE多余，且违反安全规则。

2.关键点

关键在于安卓 14+ 版本的安全策略变化，导致无法再继续使用 FLAG_MUTABLE。
在这里插入图片描述

二、解决办法

1.代码示例

先给出代码示例，供大家参考，然后解释关键点在哪。

MainActivity.kt（Kotlin class）代码示例：

package com.example.serialportdebugapp

import android.app.PendingIntent
import android.content.Intent
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice
import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager
import android.os.Bundle
import android.widget.Button
import android.widget.TextView
import android.widget.Toast
import androidx.appcompat.app.AppCompatActivity

class MainActivity : AppCompatActivity() {

    private lateinit var statusTextView: TextView
    private lateinit var logTextView: TextView
    private lateinit var checkPortButton: Button
    private lateinit var usbManager: UsbManager

    override fun onCreate(savedInstanceState: Bundle?) {
        super.onCreate(savedInstanceState)
        setContentView(R.layout.activity_main)

        // 初始化视图
        statusTextView = findViewById(R.id.statusTextView)
        logTextView = findViewById(R.id.logTextView)
        checkPortButton = findViewById(R.id.checkPortButton)

        // 获取 USB 管理器
        usbManager = getSystemService(USB_SERVICE) as UsbManager

        // 按钮点击事件
        checkPortButton.setOnClickListener {
            detectUsbDevices()
        }
    }

    /**
     * 检测 USB 设备
     */
    private fun detectUsbDevices() {
        val deviceList = usbManager.deviceList
        if (deviceList.isEmpty()) {
            logTextView.append("No USB devices found\n")
            return
        }

        for ((_, device) in deviceList) {
            logTextView.append("Detected device: ${device.deviceName}\n")
            requestPermission(device)
        }
    }

    /**
     * 请求 USB 权限
     */
    private fun requestPermission(device: UsbDevice) {
        val intent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
            this, 0, Intent("com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION"),
            PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE
        )
        usbManager.requestPermission(device, intent)
    }
}

UsbBroadcastReceiver.kt（Kotlin class）代码示例：

package com.example.serialportdebugapp

import android.content.BroadcastReceiver
import android.content.Context
import android.content.Intent
import android.hardware.usb.UsbDevice
import android.hardware.usb.UsbManager
import android.util.Log

class UsbBroadcastReceiver : BroadcastReceiver() {
    override fun onReceive(context: Context, intent: Intent) {
        val action = intent.action
        if (action == "com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION") {
            synchronized(this) {
                val device: UsbDevice? = intent.getParcelableExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_DEVICE)
                if (intent.getBooleanExtra(UsbManager.EXTRA_PERMISSION_GRANTED, false)) {
                    device?.let {
                        Log.d("UsbBroadcastReceiver", "Permission granted for device: ${device.deviceName}")
                    }
                } else {
                    Log.d("UsbBroadcastReceiver", "Permission denied for device: ${device?.deviceName}")
                }
            }
        }
    }
}

AndroidManifest.xml 代码示例（总配置文件）

<manifest xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android">
    <uses-feature android:name="android.hardware.usb.host" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.INTERNET" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.MANAGE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.WRITE_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />
    <uses-permission android:name="android.permission.READ_EXTERNAL_STORAGE" />

    <application
        android:allowBackup="true"
        android:icon="@mipmap/ic_launcher"
        android:label="@string/app_name"
        android:roundIcon="@mipmap/ic_launcher_round"
        android:supportsRtl="true"
        android:theme="@style/Theme.SerialPortDebugApp">

        <activity
            android:name=".MainActivity"
            android:exported="true">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="android.intent.action.MAIN" />
                <category android:name="android.intent.category.LAUNCHER" />
            </intent-filter>
        </activity>

        <!-- 广播接收器，处理 USB 权限 -->
        <receiver android:name=".UsbBroadcastReceiver" android:exported="false">
            <intent-filter>
                <action android:name="com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION" />
            </intent-filter>
        </receiver>
    </application>
</manifest>

build.gradle.kts(:app) 相关依赖代码示例

plugins {
    alias(libs.plugins.android.application)
    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.android)
    alias(libs.plugins.kotlin.compose)
}

android {
    namespace = "com.example.serialportdebugapp"
    compileSdk = 35

    defaultConfig {
        applicationId = "com.example.serialportdebugapp"
        minSdk = 26
        targetSdk = 35
        versionCode = 1
        versionName = "1.0"

        testInstrumentationRunner = "androidx.test.runner.AndroidJUnitRunner"
    }

    buildTypes {
        release {
            isMinifyEnabled = false
            proguardFiles(
                getDefaultProguardFile("proguard-android-optimize.txt"),
                "proguard-rules.pro"
            )
        }
    }
    compileOptions {
        sourceCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
        targetCompatibility = JavaVersion.VERSION_11
    }
    kotlinOptions {
        jvmTarget = "11"
    }
    buildFeatures {
        compose = true
    }
}

dependencies {
    implementation(libs.androidx.core.ktx)
    implementation(libs.androidx.lifecycle.runtime.ktx)
    implementation(libs.androidx.activity.compose)
    implementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
    implementation(libs.androidx.ui)
    implementation(libs.androidx.ui.graphics)
    implementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling.preview)
    implementation(libs.androidx.material3)
    implementation(libs.androidx.appcompat)
    testImplementation(libs.junit)
    androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.junit)
    androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.espresso.core)
    androidTestImplementation(platform(libs.androidx.compose.bom))
    androidTestImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.test.junit4)
    debugImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.tooling)
    debugImplementation(libs.androidx.ui.test.manifest)
    implementation(libs.purejavacomm)
}

libs.versions.toml 代码示例：

[versions]
agp = "8.7.2"
kotlin = "2.0.0"
coreKtx = "1.15.0"
junit = "4.13.2"
junitVersion = "1.2.1"
espressoCore = "3.6.1"
lifecycleRuntimeKtx = "2.8.7"
activityCompose = "1.8.0"
composeBom = "2024.04.01"
appcompat = "1.7.0"

[libraries]
androidx-core-ktx = { group = "androidx.core", name = "core-ktx", version.ref = "coreKtx" }
junit = { group = "junit", name = "junit", version.ref = "junit" }
androidx-junit = { group = "androidx.test.ext", name = "junit", version.ref = "junitVersion" }
androidx-espresso-core = { group = "androidx.test.espresso", name = "espresso-core", version.ref = "espressoCore" }
androidx-lifecycle-runtime-ktx = { group = "androidx.lifecycle", name = "lifecycle-runtime-ktx", version.ref = "lifecycleRuntimeKtx" }
androidx-activity-compose = { group = "androidx.activity", name = "activity-compose", version.ref = "activityCompose" }
androidx-compose-bom = { group = "androidx.compose", name = "compose-bom", version.ref = "composeBom" }
androidx-ui = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui" }
androidx-ui-graphics = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-graphics" }
androidx-ui-tooling = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-tooling" }
androidx-ui-tooling-preview = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-tooling-preview" }
androidx-ui-test-manifest = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-test-manifest" }
androidx-ui-test-junit4 = { group = "androidx.compose.ui", name = "ui-test-junit4" }
androidx-material3 = { group = "androidx.compose.material3", name = "material3" }
purejavacomm = { group = "com.github.purejavacomm", name = "purejavacomm", version = "1.0.2.RELEASE" }
androidx-appcompat = { group = "androidx.appcompat", name = "appcompat", version.ref = "appcompat" }

[plugins]
android-application = { id = "com.android.application", version.ref = "agp" }
kotlin-android = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.android", version.ref = "kotlin" }
kotlin-compose = { id = "org.jetbrains.kotlin.plugin.compose", version.ref = "kotlin" }

activity_main.xml 代码示例（APP界面，UI，用于测试USB串口调试APP的界面UI设计）

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<LinearLayout
    xmlns:android="http://schemas.android.com/apk/res/android"
    android:layout_width="match_parent"
    android:layout_height="match_parent"
    android:orientation="vertical"
    android:padding="16dp">

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/statusTextView"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="USB Status: Not connected"
        android:textSize="18sp" />

    <TextView
        android:id="@+id/logTextView"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Log output:\n"
        android:padding="8dp"
        android:scrollbars="vertical" />

    <Button
        android:id="@+id/checkPortButton"
        android:layout_width="match_parent"
        android:layout_height="wrap_content"
        android:text="Check USB Devices" />
</LinearLayout>

2.关键点

关键点在于，MainActivity.kt 中的这段代码：

    /**
     * 请求 USB 权限
     */
    private fun requestPermission(device: UsbDevice) {
        val intent = PendingIntent.getBroadcast(
            this, 0, Intent("com.android.example.USB_PERMISSION"),
            PendingIntent.FLAG_IMMUTABLE
        )
        usbManager.requestPermission(device, intent)
    }