YOLO11改进 | 注意力机制 | 结合静态和动态上下文信息的注意力机制

秋招面试专栏推荐 ：深度学习算法工程师面试问题总结【百面算法工程师】——点击即可跳转

💡💡💡本专栏所有程序均经过测试，可成功执行💡💡💡

上下文Transformer（CoT）块是一种新颖的Transformer风格模块，用于视觉识别。它充分利用输入键之间的上下文信息来指导动态注意力矩阵的学习，从而加强了视觉表示的能力。CoT块首先通过3×3卷积对输入键进行上下文化编码，得到输入的静态上下文表示。然后，将编码后的键与输入查询连接起来，通过两个连续的1×1卷积来学习动态的多头注意力矩阵。最后，将静态和动态上下文表示的融合作为输出。文章在介绍主要的原理后，将手把手教学如何进行模块的代码添加和修改，并将修改后的完整代码放在文章的最后，方便大家一键运行，小白也可轻松上手实践。以帮助您更好地学习深度学习目标检测YOLO系列的挑战。

专栏地址：YOLO11入门 + 改进涨点——点击即可跳转欢迎订阅

1.论文

2. 将CoTAttention添加到YOLO11中

2.1 CoTAttention代码实现

2.2 更改init.py文件

2.3 添加yaml文件

2.4 在task.py中进行注册

2.5 执行程序

3.修改后的网络结构图

4. 完整代码分享

5. GFLOPs

6. 进阶

7.总结

1.论文

论文地址：Contextual Transformer Networks for Visual Recognition——点击即可跳转

官方代码：官方代码仓库——点击即可跳转

2. 将CoTAttention添加到YOLO11中

2.1 CoTAttention代码实现

关键步骤一: 将下面代码粘贴到在/ultralytics/ultralytics/nn/modules/block.py中

class CoTAttention(nn.Module):

    def __init__(self, dim=512, kernel_size=3):
        super().__init__()
        self.dim = dim
        self.kernel_size = kernel_size

        self.key_embed = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(dim, dim, kernel_size=kernel_size, padding=kernel_size // 2, groups=4, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(dim),
            nn.SiLU()
        )
        self.value_embed = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(dim, dim, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(dim)
        )

        factor = 4
        self.attention_embed = nn.Sequential(
            nn.Conv2d(2 * dim, 2 * dim // factor, 1, bias=False),
            nn.BatchNorm2d(2 * dim // factor),
            nn.SiLU(),
            nn.Conv2d(2 * dim // factor, kernel_size * kernel_size * dim, 1)
        )

    def forward(self, x):
        bs, c, h, w = x.shape
        k1 = self.key_embed(x)  # bs,c,h,w
        v = self.value_embed(x).view(bs, c, -1)  # bs,c,h,w

        y = torch.cat([k1, x], dim=1)  # bs,2c,h,w
        att = self.attention_embed(y)  # bs,c*k*k,h,w
        att = att.reshape(bs, c, self.kernel_size * self.kernel_size, h, w)
        att = att.mean(2, keepdim=False).view(bs, c, -1)  # bs,c,h*w
        k2 = F.softmax(att, dim=-1) * v
        k2 = k2.view(bs, c, h, w)

        return k1 + k2

2.2 更改init.py文件

关键步骤二：修改modules文件夹下的__init__.py文件，先导入函数

然后在下面的__all__中声明函数

2.3 添加yaml文件

关键步骤三：在/ultralytics/ultralytics/cfg/models/11下面新建文件yolo11_CoTA.yaml文件，粘贴下面的内容

目标检测

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# YOLO11 object detection model with P3-P5 outputs. For Usage examples see https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/detect

# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
scales: # model compound scaling constants, i.e. 'model=yolo11n.yaml' will call yolo11.yaml with scale 'n'
  # [depth, width, max_channels]
  n: [0.50, 0.25, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 2624080 parameters, 2624064 gradients, 6.6 GFLOPs
  s: [0.50, 0.50, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 9458752 parameters, 9458736 gradients, 21.7 GFLOPs
  m: [0.50, 1.00, 512] # summary: 409 layers, 20114688 parameters, 20114672 gradients, 68.5 GFLOPs
  l: [1.00, 1.00, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 25372160 parameters, 25372144 gradients, 87.6 GFLOPs
  x: [1.00, 1.50, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 56966176 parameters, 56966160 gradients, 196.0 GFLOPs

# YOLO11n backbone
backbone:
  # [from, repeats, module, args]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [64, 3, 2]] # 0-P1/2
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]] # 1-P2/4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]] # 3-P3/8
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]] # 5-P4/16
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, True]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [1024, 3, 2]] # 7-P5/32
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]]
  - [-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]] # 9
  - [-1, 2, C2PSA, [1024]] # 10

# YOLO11n head
head:
  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 6], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 13

  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 4], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P3
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False]] # 16 (P3/8-small)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 13], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 19 (P4/16-medium)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 10], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P5
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]] # 22 (P5/32-large)
  - [ -1, 1, CoTAttention, [1024] ]

  - [[16, 19, 23], 1, Detect, [nc]] # Detect(P3, P4, P5)

语义分割

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# YOLO11 object detection model with P3-P5 outputs. For Usage examples see https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/detect

# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
scales: # model compound scaling constants, i.e. 'model=yolo11n.yaml' will call yolo11.yaml with scale 'n'
  # [depth, width, max_channels]
  n: [0.50, 0.25, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 2624080 parameters, 2624064 gradients, 6.6 GFLOPs
  s: [0.50, 0.50, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 9458752 parameters, 9458736 gradients, 21.7 GFLOPs
  m: [0.50, 1.00, 512] # summary: 409 layers, 20114688 parameters, 20114672 gradients, 68.5 GFLOPs
  l: [1.00, 1.00, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 25372160 parameters, 25372144 gradients, 87.6 GFLOPs
  x: [1.00, 1.50, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 56966176 parameters, 56966160 gradients, 196.0 GFLOPs

# YOLO11n backbone
backbone:
  # [from, repeats, module, args]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [64, 3, 2]] # 0-P1/2
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]] # 1-P2/4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]] # 3-P3/8
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]] # 5-P4/16
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, True]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [1024, 3, 2]] # 7-P5/32
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]]
  - [-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]] # 9
  - [-1, 2, C2PSA, [1024]] # 10

# YOLO11n head
head:
  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 6], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 13

  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 4], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P3
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False]] # 16 (P3/8-small)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 13], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 19 (P4/16-medium)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 10], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P5
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]] # 22 (P5/32-large)
  - [ -1, 1, CoTAttention, [1024] ]

  - [[16, 19, 23], 1, Segment, [nc, 32, 256]] # Segment(P3, P4, P5)

旋转目标检测

# Ultralytics YOLO 🚀, AGPL-3.0 license
# YOLO11 object detection model with P3-P5 outputs. For Usage examples see https://docs.ultralytics.com/tasks/detect

# Parameters
nc: 80 # number of classes
scales: # model compound scaling constants, i.e. 'model=yolo11n.yaml' will call yolo11.yaml with scale 'n'
  # [depth, width, max_channels]
  n: [0.50, 0.25, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 2624080 parameters, 2624064 gradients, 6.6 GFLOPs
  s: [0.50, 0.50, 1024] # summary: 319 layers, 9458752 parameters, 9458736 gradients, 21.7 GFLOPs
  m: [0.50, 1.00, 512] # summary: 409 layers, 20114688 parameters, 20114672 gradients, 68.5 GFLOPs
  l: [1.00, 1.00, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 25372160 parameters, 25372144 gradients, 87.6 GFLOPs
  x: [1.00, 1.50, 512] # summary: 631 layers, 56966176 parameters, 56966160 gradients, 196.0 GFLOPs

# YOLO11n backbone
backbone:
  # [from, repeats, module, args]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [64, 3, 2]] # 0-P1/2
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [128, 3, 2]] # 1-P2/4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]] # 3-P3/8
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False, 0.25]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]] # 5-P4/16
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, True]]
  - [-1, 1, Conv, [1024, 3, 2]] # 7-P5/32
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]]
  - [-1, 1, SPPF, [1024, 5]] # 9
  - [-1, 2, C2PSA, [1024]] # 10

# YOLO11n head
head:
  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 6], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 13

  - [-1, 1, nn.Upsample, [None, 2, "nearest"]]
  - [[-1, 4], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat backbone P3
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [256, False]] # 16 (P3/8-small)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [256, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 13], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P4
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [512, False]] # 19 (P4/16-medium)

  - [-1, 1, Conv, [512, 3, 2]]
  - [[-1, 10], 1, Concat, [1]] # cat head P5
  - [-1, 2, C3k2, [1024, True]] # 22 (P5/32-large)
  - [ -1, 1, CoTAttention, [1024] ]

  - [[16, 19, 23], 1, OBB, [nc, 1]] # Detect(P3, P4, P5)

温馨提示：本文只是对yolo11基础上添加模块，如果要对yolo11n/l/m/x进行添加则只需要指定对应的depth_multiple 和 width_multiple。

# YOLO11n
depth_multiple: 0.50  # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 0.25  # layer channel multiple
max_channel：1024
 
# YOLO11s
depth_multiple: 0.50  # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 0.50  # layer channel multiple
max_channel：1024
 
# YOLO11m
depth_multiple: 0.50  # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.00  # layer channel multiple
max_channel：512
 
# YOLO11l 
depth_multiple: 1.00  # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.00  # layer channel multiple
max_channel：512 
 
# YOLO11x
depth_multiple: 1.00  # model depth multiple
width_multiple: 1.50 # layer channel multiple
max_channel：512

2.4 在task.py中进行注册

关键步骤四：在task.py的parse_model函数中进行注册，

先在task.py导入函数

然后在task.py文件下找到parse_model这个函数，如下图，添加CoTAttention

elif m is CoTAttention:
            c1, c2 = ch[f], args[0]
            if c2 != nc:
                c2 = make_divisible(min(c2, max_channels) * width, 8)
            args = [c1, *args[1:]]

2.5 执行程序

关键步骤五：在ultralytics文件中新建train.py，将model的参数路径设置为yolo11_CoTA.yaml的路径即可

from ultralytics import YOLO
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
from pathlib import Path
 
if __name__ == '__main__':
 
 
    # 加载模型
    model = YOLO("ultralytics/cfg/11/yolo11.yaml")  # 你要选择的模型yaml文件地址
    # Use the model
    results = model.train(data=r"你的数据集的yaml文件地址",
                          epochs=100, batch=16, imgsz=640, workers=4, name=Path(model.cfg).stem)  # 训练模型

🚀运行程序，如果出现下面的内容则说明添加成功🚀

                   from  n    params  module                                       arguments
  0                  -1  1       464  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [3, 16, 3, 2]
  1                  -1  1      4672  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [16, 32, 3, 2]
  2                  -1  1      6640  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [32, 64, 1, False, 0.25]
  3                  -1  1     36992  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [64, 64, 3, 2]
  4                  -1  1     26080  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [64, 128, 1, False, 0.25]
  5                  -1  1    147712  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [128, 128, 3, 2]
  6                  -1  1     87040  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [128, 128, 1, True]
  7                  -1  1    295424  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [128, 256, 3, 2]
  8                  -1  1    346112  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [256, 256, 1, True]
  9                  -1  1    164608  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.SPPF            [256, 256, 5]
 10                  -1  1    249728  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C2PSA           [256, 256, 1]
 11                  -1  1         0  torch.nn.modules.upsampling.Upsample         [None, 2, 'nearest']
 12             [-1, 6]  1         0  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Concat           [1]
 13                  -1  1    111296  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [384, 128, 1, False]
 14                  -1  1         0  torch.nn.modules.upsampling.Upsample         [None, 2, 'nearest']
 15             [-1, 4]  1         0  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Concat           [1]
 16                  -1  1     32096  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [256, 64, 1, False]
 17                  -1  1     36992  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [64, 64, 3, 2]
 18            [-1, 13]  1         0  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Concat           [1]
 19                  -1  1     86720  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [192, 128, 1, False]
 20                  -1  1    147712  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Conv             [128, 128, 3, 2]
 21            [-1, 10]  1         0  ultralytics.nn.modules.conv.Concat           [1]
 22                  -1  1    378880  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.C3k2            [384, 256, 1, True]
 23                  -1  1    577024  ultralytics.nn.modules.block.CoTAttention    [256]
 24        [16, 19, 23]  1    464912  ultralytics.nn.modules.head.Detect           [80, [64, 128, 256]]
YOLO11_CoTAttention summary: 332 layers, 3,201,104 parameters, 3,201,088 gradients, 7.1 GFLOPs

3.修改后的网络结构图

4. 完整代码分享

这个后期补充吧~，先按照步骤来即可

5. GFLOPs

关于GFLOPs的计算方式可以查看：百面算法工程师 | 卷积基础知识——Convolution

未改进的YOLO11n GFLOPs

改进后的GFLOPs

6. 进阶

可以与其他的注意力机制或者损失函数等结合，进一步提升检测效果

7.总结

通过以上的改进方法，我们成功提升了模型的表现。这只是一个开始，未来还有更多优化和技术深挖的空间。在这里，我想隆重向大家推荐我的专栏——《YOLO11改进有效涨点》。这个专栏专注于前沿的深度学习技术，特别是目标检测领域的最新进展，不仅包含对YOLO11的深入解析和改进策略，还会定期更新来自各大顶会（如CVPR、NeurIPS等）的论文复现和实战分享。