ChatGPT的泛用性极高，上知天文，下通地理，参考古今，博稽中外，几乎无所不知，无所不晓。但如果涉及垂直领域的专业知识点，ChatGPT难免也会有语焉不详，闪烁其词的毛病，本次我们将特定领域的学习材料“喂”给ChatGPT，让它“学习”后再来回答专业问题。
专业领域语料问题
所谓专业领域语料问题，可以理解为特定范围内的知识图谱，也就是给GPT提供前置的检索维度，举个例子，大家都读过鲁迅的名篇《从百草园到三味书屋》，文章中涉及一个“美女蛇”的典故，假设我们没有给GPT设置一个特定范围，直接问“美女蛇”的相关问题：
一望而知，ChatGPT对于“美女蛇”典故的理解出现了信息偏差问题，它以为“美女蛇”指的是《白蛇传》中的白素贞和许仙以及法海的故事。
但其实我们都知道，《从百草园到三味书屋》中“美女蛇”指的是人首蛇身的怪物，能唤人名，倘一答应，夜间便要来吃这人的肉的故事。
所以，如果我们想谈论“美女蛇”相关的问题，必须让ChatGPT有一个特定的“语境”，它才能理解真正要谈论的话题，所以需要把《从百草园到三味书屋》作为语料“喂”给ChatGPT才可以，当然了《从百草园到三味书屋》作为人尽皆知的杂文，它肯定默认存储于ChatGPT的语料库中，但假设如果某一个领域的论文或者其他资料，并未出现在ChatGPT的语料库中，而该文章的长度又超过ChatGPT输入的4096个token的限制，那么就非常麻烦了，所以让ChatGPT具备学习“新材料”的能力就显得十分必要了。
llama_index配置语料索引
LlamaIndex（GPT Index）是一个针对特定语料检索的GPT项目，可以通过索引文件把外部语料数据和GPT连接起来，首先安装项目：
pip3 install llama-index
注意该项目依赖langchain模块，为了确保不出问题，最好升级一下langchain模块：
pip3 install --upgrade langchain
LlamaIndex所做的是将我们的原始语料数据转换成一个基于向量的索引，这对检索来说是非常高效的。它将使用这个索引，根据查询和数据的相似性，找到最相关的部分。然后，它将把检索到的内容插入到它将发送给GPT的引导词(prompt)中，这样GPT就有了回答问题的“语境”:
具体工作流：
将本地答案数据集，转为向量存储到向量数据(index.json)
当用户输入查询的问题时，把问题转为向量然后从向量数据库中查询相近的答案topK 这个时候其实就是我们最普遍的问答查询方案，在没有GPT的时候就直接返回相关的答案整个流程就结束了。
基于GPT可以优化回答内容的整体结构，在单纯的搜索场景下其实这个优化没什么意义。但如果在垂直领域特定的聊天场景下，引用相关领域内容回复时，数据检索会更加精准。
首先把《从百草园到三味书屋》这篇文章写入到项目的data目录中，随后编写代码：
import os
from llama_index import SimpleDirectoryReader, GPTSimpleVectorIndex,LLMPredictor,ServiceContext
from langchain import OpenAI
os.environ["OPENAI_API_KEY"] = 'apikey'
class LLma:
# 建立本地索引
def create_index(self,dir_path="./data"):
# 读取data文件夹下的文档
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader(dir_path).load_data()
index = GPTSimpleVectorIndex.from_documents(documents)
print(documents)
# 保存索引
index.save_to_disk('./index.json')
这里通过GPTSimpleVectorIndex.from_documents方法读取data目录中的语料文章，随后转换为向量索引存储在本地磁盘的index.json文件中。
执行建立索引方法：
if __name__ == '__main__':
llma = LLma()
# 建立索引
llma.create_index()
索引的内容：
{"index_struct": {"__type__": "simple_dict", "__data__": {"index_id": "86c83b5a-a975-43ab-8505-cbc8f0ae68e2", "summary": null, "nodes_dict": {"da552579-e0f4-4ee0-be68-a3c392e39dc2": "a2521cfa-13c5-49b2-9cfd-7206fe493666", "c1f7df04-5e6c-4327-a0cc-4a3489d50d19": "68b609e3-2ec5-4de2-ac43-eb28105364ca"}, "doc_id_dict": {"87411099-60d8-4272-a7d1-6e8676fc42a0": ["da552579-e0f4-4ee0-be68-a3c392e39dc2", "c1f7df04-5e6c-4327-a0cc-4a3489d50d19"]}, "embeddings_dict": {"da552579-e0f4-4ee0-be68-a3c392e39dc2": [0.004821529611945152, -0.005787167698144913, 0.00886388961225748, -0.0005273548304103315, -0.0007779211737215519, 0.022242968901991844, -0.0035828494001179934, -0.023534925654530525, -0.03012790158390999, -0.014744291082024574, 0.004718306474387646, -0.0010788505896925926, -0.006236688699573278, 0.0033247910905629396, 0.01692862994968891, 0.02300216071307659, 0.01628931239247322, 0.008157975040376186, 0.028822625055909157, -0.0011337919859215617, 0.006499741692095995, 0.02746407315135002, 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llama_index根据向量索引进行语义化查询
llama_index可以在本地匹配向量索引后再构建提示词：
class LLma:
def query_index(self,prompt,index_path="./index.json"):
# 加载索引
local_index = GPTSimpleVectorIndex.load_from_disk(index_path)
# 查询索引
res = local_index.query(prompt)
print(res)
通过GPTSimpleVectorIndex.load_from_disk方法将向量索引导入，执行方法：
if __name__ == '__main__':
llma = LLma()
# 建立索引
#llma.create_index()
# 查询索引
llma.query_index("讲一下美女蛇的故事")
程序返回：
美女蛇的故事可以追溯到古庙里的一个读书人。晚间，他在院子里纳凉的时候，突然听到有人在叫他的名字。他四面看时，却见一个美女的脸露在墙头上，向他一笑，隐去了。他很高兴，但竟给那走来夜谈的老和尚识破了机关，说他脸上有些妖气，一定遇见“美女蛇”了。
可以看到，“美女蛇”的故事终于是我们想要的“美女蛇”的故事了。
llama_index模型定制化
llama_index默认的答案生成模型方案为text-davinci-002，我们也可以定制化适合自己的模型配置：
class LLma:
def __init__(self) -> None:
self.llm_predictor = LLMPredictor(llm=OpenAI(temperature=0, model_name="text-davinci-003",max_tokens=1800))
self.service_context = ServiceContext.from_defaults(llm_predictor=self.llm_predictor)
# 查询本地索引
def query_index(self,prompt,index_path="./index.json"):
# 加载索引
local_index = GPTSimpleVectorIndex.load_from_disk(index_path)
# 查询索引
res = local_index.query(prompt)
print(res)
# 建立本地索引
def create_index(self,dir_path="./data"):
# 读取data文件夹下的文档
documents = SimpleDirectoryReader(dir_path).load_data()
index = GPTSimpleVectorIndex.from_documents(documents,service_context=self.service_context)
print(documents)
# 保存索引
index.save_to_disk('./index.json')
if __name__ == '__main__':
llma = LLma()
这里通过初始化函数定制self.llm_predictor属性，生成本地向量索引时，通过service_context参数进行动态调用即可：index = GPTSimpleVectorIndex.from_documents(documents,service_context=self.service_context) 。
结语
藉此，我们就可以通过垂直领域语料来“定制化”ChatGPT的回答了，最后奉上项目地址：github.com/zcxey2911/llama_index_examples_python3.10，与君共觞。
