0首先，我们要学什么？outlook！
1measurement
2system error&random error
3significant figures
4uncertainty of direct measurement and indirect measurement
5data processing
1 measurement
Important points to remember：
1.A measurement without unit is meaningless.
2.A measurement without an uncertainty is meaningless either.
type of measurement:直接，间接
2error
2.1absolute error
the result of a measurement minus a true value of the measurand. It is sometimes called absolute error.
2.2 relative error
2.3system error
definition:
it is consistent, repeatable error associated with faulty equipment or a flawed experiment design.
example
the magnitude and sign of the error can be determined. In other word, it can be eliminated in some circumstances.
2.4random error
the magnitude and sign of the error can be determined. In other word, it can be eliminated in some circumstances.
2.5accuracy&precision
random error；一坨；precision
system error；靶心；accuracy
2.6 the standard deviation:analysis of random errors
[standard deviation]
[standard error]
example:
3 significant figures
3.1exact number&&measured number
definition:
example:
3.2 reading a meter stick
直接测量：估读到最小分度的下一位
间接测量：结果有效数字由absolute error 的有效数字决定
3.3the difinition of significant figure
the difinition of significant figures in measured number
3.4count significant figure
3.4 operation
①乘除
example
②加减
example
③对数
a）自然对数的有效数字和其真数的有效数字相同：In5.374=1.682
b）10为底的对数，小数点后的位数与真数有效数字相同
c）开放下面的数有效数字与开放后相同（16.00）^0.5=4.000
3.5 rounding
就近原则
4 uncertainty
4.1errors&uncertainty
4.2 direct measurement
4.3 indirect measurement of uncertainty
传递系数即是误差的权重
example 1
一般情况相对误差取两位有效数字就可以了
最小的是第二小的十分之一则可以省去如这里的2.3*10^-8
example2
example3
4.4quoting of measurement results
4.5 rules of form
5 data processing
5.1graphing
