前言:
MySQL数据库和postgresql数据库之间的差异并不多,这里的差异指的是对SQL语言的支持两者并不大,但底层的东西差异是非常多的,例如,MySQL的innodb引擎概念,数据库用户管理,这些和postgresql相比是完全不同的(MySQL用户就是用户,没有角色,postgresql有用户,有角色,但差异不大),但,索引例如btree这些两者又是相同的或者说相通的。
那么,这些差异化的地方导致MySQL在向postgresql数据库迁移数据的时候会造成一些困扰,虽然两者数据库使用的SQL语言百分之九十是相同的,但就是这剩下的百分之十也是一个巨大的鸿沟。
普通的方案,MySQLdump或者navicat直接备份MySQL,然后将备份文件导入postgresql需要修改很多地方,最基本的是需要提取insert语句,光这些工作量就非常的大了,如果要迁移的数据很多的话,因此,该方案基本上是不能考虑的。
OK,那么,有没有MySQL数据库平滑的向postgresql数据库迁移的方案呢?
答案是有的,版本答案就是pgloader工具,但丑话先说前面,此工具只支持全量迁移并不支持增量迁移,这应该是一个比较遗憾的地方,其它的方面,比如迁移效率(迁移用时),迁移质量(也就是迁移到postgresql的数据是否完整,准确),迁移方式(例如,库对库迁移,读取csv文件迁移,编写配置文件迁移)这些方面是让人挑不出理的。
一,
pgloader的部署安装
下载
pgloader通常的部署方式是三种,第一种是编译部署,第二种是docker镜像部署,第三种是二进制部署,本文选择的是二进制部署,其它部署方式本文不予讨论。
pgloader的官方下载地址:
https://github.com/dimitri/pgloader/releases
离线安装的地址:
链接:https://pan.baidu.com/s/18aN0CvyoXy_o8iP-aqVwGg?pwd=kkey
提取码:kkey
建议选择最新版本3.6.9
二,
环境依赖安装
上述的离线安装包 ,解压后,进入文件夹,rpm -ivh * 即可。
如果是centos的,确认是否有安装libtool-ltdl,有输出表示已经安装,将那个libtool-ltdl-2.4.2-22.h1.eulerosv2r7.x86_64.rpm移除即可。
确认是否有安装libtool-ltdl,有输出表示已经安装,
[root@centos5 ~]# rpm -qa |grep libtool-ltdl
libtool-ltdl-2.4.2-22.el7_3.x86_64
这里说明一下,两个关键依赖,分别是freetds-devel和sbcl-1.4.0,其它rpm包是这两个关键依赖的依赖。
三,
部署
已经部署过了
[root@centos5 pgloader-bundle-3.6.9]# pwd
/root/pgloader-bundle-3.6.9
[root@centos5 pgloader-bundle-3.6.9]# make pgloader
make: `pgloader' is up to date.
第一次部署的,make pgloader的输出是这样的:
;; loading system "cffi"
;; loading system "cl+ssl"
;; loading system "mssql"
;; loading file #P"/root/pgloader_soft/pgloader-bundle-3.6.2/local-projects/pgloader-3.6.2/src/hooks.lisp"
;; loading system "pgloader"
compressed 0 bytes into 8 at level -1
compressed 32768 bytes into 617 at level -1
compressed 3047424 bytes into 820965 at level -1
compressed 23691264 bytes into 6785671 at level -1
compressed 91127808 bytes into 16513612 at level -1
# that's ugly, but necessary when building on Windows :(
mv bin/pgloader.tmp bin/pgloader
环境变量设置:
vi /etc/profile
alias pgloader=/root/pgloader-bundle-3.6.9/bin/pgloader
:wq
source /etc/profile
验证:
[root@centos5 ~]# pgloader --version
pgloader version "3.6.9"
compiled with SBCL 1.4.0-1.el7
四,
pgloader的初步使用
既然是MySQL迁移数据到postgresql,那么,自然需要两个服务器,服务器1 IP是192.168.123.15,该服务器部署postgresql-12.5,服务器2 IP是192.168.123.16,该服务器部署mariadb
如何部署这两个数据库就不在这里废话了。
MySQL数据库有test数据库,该库里有erp表:
MariaDB [(none)]> use test;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A
Database changed
MariaDB [test]> show tables;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_test |
+----------------+
| DEPT |
| EMP |
+----------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
MariaDB [test]> select * from EMP;
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+------+------+--------+
| EMPNO | ENAME | JOB | MGR | HIREDATE | SAL | COMM | DEPTNO |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+------+------+--------+
| 7369 | SMITH | CLERK | 7902 | 1980-12-17 | 800 | NULL | 20 |
| 7499 | ALLEN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-20 | 1600 | 300 | 30 |
| 7521 | WARD | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-02-22 | 1250 | 500 | 30 |
| 7566 | JONES | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-04-02 | 2975 | NULL | 20 |
| 7654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-28 | 1250 | 1400 | 30 |
| 7698 | BLAKE | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-05-01 | 2850 | NULL | 30 |
| 7782 | CLARK | MANAGER | 7839 | 1981-06-09 | 2450 | NULL | 10 |
| 7788 | SCOTT | ANALYST | 7566 | 1987-04-19 | 3000 | NULL | 20 |
| 7839 | KING | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 | 5000 | NULL | 10 |
| 7844 | TURNER | SALESMAN | 7698 | 1981-09-08 | 1500 | 0 | 30 |
| 7876 | ADAMS | CLERK | 7788 | 1987-05-23 | 1100 | NULL | 20 |
| 7900 | JAMES | CLERK | 7698 | 1981-12-03 | 950 | NULL | 30 |
| 7902 | FORD | ANALYST | 7566 | 1981-12-03 | 3000 | NULL | 20 |
| 7934 | MILLER | CLERK | 7782 | 1982-01-23 | 1300 | NULL | 10 |
+-------+--------+-----------+------+------------+------+------+--------+
14 rows in set (0.00 sec)
编辑迁移配置文件,在postgresql所在的服务器上,文件内容如下:
vi pg.load.test1
load database
from mysql://root:密码@192.168.123.16:3306/test
into pgsql://postgres:密码@192.168.123.15:5432/postgres;
开始迁移:
迁移命令和日志文件的内容:
[postgres@centos5 ~]$ pgloader --verbose pg.load.test1>> pg.load.test2 2>&1
[postgres@centos5 ~]$ cat pg.load.test2
-bash: pgloader: command not found
[postgres@centos5 ~]$ logout
[root@centos5 ~]# mv /home/postgres/pg.load.test1 ./
[root@centos5 ~]# pgloader --verbose pg.load.test1>> pg.load.test2 2>&1
[root@centos5 ~]# cat pg.load.test
pg.load.test1 pg.load.test2
[root@centos5 ~]# cat pg.load.test2
2023-08-04T08:03:56.023000+08:00 NOTICE Starting pgloader, log system is ready.
2023-08-04T08:03:56.049000+08:00 LOG pgloader version "3.6.9"
2023-08-04T08:03:56.115000+08:00 LOG Migrating from #<MYSQL-CONNECTION mysql://root@192.168.123.16:3306/test {1008D4C553}>
2023-08-04T08:03:56.115000+08:00 LOG Migrating into #<PGSQL-CONNECTION pgsql://postgres@192.168.123.15:5432/postgres {1008D4D933}>
2023-08-04T08:03:56.404000+08:00 ERROR mysql: Failed to connect to mysql at "192.168.123.16" (port 3306) as user "root": MySQL Error [1045]: "Access denied for user 'root'@'192.168.123.15' (using password: YES)"
2023-08-04T08:03:56.404000+08:00 LOG report summary reset
table name errors read imported bytes total time read write
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
fetch meta data 0 0 0 0.000s
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
[root@centos5 ~]# vim pg.load.test1
[root@centos5 ~]# pgloader --verbose pg.load.test1>> pg.load.test2 2>&1
[root@centos5 ~]# cat pg.load.test2
2023-08-04T08:03:56.023000+08:00 NOTICE Starting pgloader, log system is ready.
2023-08-04T08:03:56.049000+08:00 LOG pgloader version "3.6.9"
2023-08-04T08:03:56.115000+08:00 LOG Migrating from #<MYSQL-CONNECTION mysql://root@192.168.123.16:3306/test {1008D4C553}>
2023-08-04T08:03:56.115000+08:00 LOG Migrating into #<PGSQL-CONNECTION pgsql://postgres@192.168.123.15:5432/postgres {1008D4D933}>
2023-08-04T08:03:56.404000+08:00 ERROR mysql: Failed to connect to mysql at "192.168.123.16" (port 3306) as user "root": MySQL Error [1045]: "Access denied for user 'root'@'192.168.123.15' (using password: YES)"
2023-08-04T08:03:56.404000+08:00 LOG report summary reset
table name errors read imported bytes total time read write
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
fetch meta data 0 0 0 0.000s
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
----------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
2023-08-04T08:05:15.005000+08:00 NOTICE Starting pgloader, log system is ready.
2023-08-04T08:05:15.015000+08:00 LOG pgloader version "3.6.9"
2023-08-04T08:05:15.048000+08:00 LOG Migrating from #<MYSQL-CONNECTION mysql://root@192.168.123.16:3306/test {1008DBCD63}>
2023-08-04T08:05:15.048000+08:00 LOG Migrating into #<PGSQL-CONNECTION pgsql://postgres@192.168.123.15:5432/postgres {1008DBE1E3}>
2023-08-04T08:05:15.138000+08:00 NOTICE Prepare PostgreSQL database.
2023-08-04T08:05:15.194000+08:00 NOTICE Processing tables in this order: test.emp: 14 rows, test.dept: 4 rows
2023-08-04T08:05:15.208000+08:00 NOTICE COPY test.emp with 14 rows estimated [2/4]
2023-08-04T08:05:15.227000+08:00 NOTICE COPY test.dept with 4 rows estimated [1/4]
2023-08-04T08:05:15.241000+08:00 NOTICE DONE copying test.dept in 0.000s
2023-08-04T08:05:15.241000+08:00 NOTICE DONE copying test.emp in 0.000s
2023-08-04T08:05:15.253000+08:00 NOTICE CREATE UNIQUE INDEX idx_16388_primary ON test.emp (empno);
2023-08-04T08:05:15.268000+08:00 NOTICE Completing PostgreSQL database.
2023-08-04T08:05:15.268000+08:00 NOTICE Reset sequences
2023-08-04T08:05:15.282000+08:00 NOTICE ALTER TABLE test.emp ADD PRIMARY KEY USING INDEX idx_16388_primary;
2023-08-04T08:05:15.284000+08:00 NOTICE ALTER DATABASE "postgres" SET search_path TO public, test;
2023-08-04T08:05:15.286000+08:00 LOG report summary reset
table name errors read imported bytes total time read write
----------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
fetch meta data 0 3 3 0.045s
Create Schemas 0 0 0 0.001s
Create SQL Types 0 0 0 0.002s
Create tables 0 4 4 0.017s
Set Table OIDs 0 2 2 0.006s
----------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
test.emp 0 14 14 0.6 kB 0.033s 0.023s
test.dept 0 4 4 0.1 kB 0.009s 0.005s
----------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
COPY Threads Completion 0 4 4 0.022s
Index Build Completion 0 1 1 0.006s
Create Indexes 0 1 1 0.002s
Reset Sequences 0 0 0 0.010s
Primary Keys 0 1 1 0.001s
Create Foreign Keys 0 0 0 0.000s
Create Triggers 0 0 0 0.000s
Set Search Path 0 1 1 0.000s
Install Comments 0 0 0 0.000s
----------------------- --------- --------- --------- --------- -------------- --------- ---------
Total import time ✓ 18 18 0.7 kB 0.041s
在postgresql数据库上查看是否迁移成功:
可以看到,完美迁移了