表的连接分为内连和外连

一、内连接

内连接实际上就是利用where子句对两种表形成的笛卡儿积进行筛选，我们前面学习的查询都是内连接，也是在开发过程中使用的最多的连接查询。

语法：

select 字段 from 表1 inner join 表2 on 连接条件 and 其他条件；

备注：前面学习的都是内连接

案例：显示SMITH的名字和部门名称

--以前的方式
mysql> select emp.ename,dept.dname from emp,dept where emp.deptno=dept.deptno and ename='SMITH';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

--标准内连接方式
mysql> select ename,dname from emp inner join dept on emp.deptno=dept.deptno where ename='SMITH';
+-------+----------+
| ename | dname    |
+-------+----------+
| SMITH | RESEARCH |
+-------+----------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

二、外连接

外连接分为左外连接和右外连接

2.1 左外连接

如果联合查询，左侧的表完全显示我们就说是左外连接。

语法：

select 字段名 from 表名1 left join 表名2 on 连接条件

案例：

-- 建两张表
create table stu (id int, name varchar(30)); -- 学生表
insert into stu values(1,'jack'),(2,'tom'),(3,'kity'),(4,'nono');
create table exam (id int, grade int); -- 成绩表
insert into exam values(1, 56),(2,76),(11, 8);

查询所有学生的成绩，如果这个学生没有成绩，也要将学生的个人信息显示出来

mysql> select * from stu left join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
|    3 | kity | NULL |  NULL |
|    4 | nono | NULL |  NULL |
+------+------+------+-------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)

2.2 右外连接

如果联合查询，右侧的表完全显示我们就说是右外连接。

语法：

select 字段 from 表名1 right join 表名2 on 连接条件；

案例：

对stu表和exam表联合查询，把所有的成绩都显示出来，即使这个成绩没有学生与它对应，也要显示出来

mysql> select * from stu right join exam on stu.id=exam.id;
+------+------+------+-------+
| id   | name | id   | grade |
+------+------+------+-------+
|    1 | jack |    1 |    56 |
|    2 | tom  |    2 |    76 |
| NULL | NULL |   11 |     8 |
+------+------+------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

列出部门名称和这些部门的员工信息，同时列出没有员工的部门

--左外连接
mysql> select d.dname,e.* from dept d left join emp e on d.deptno=e.deptno;
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| dname      | empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| RESEARCH   | 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| RESEARCH   | 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| SALES      | 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| OPERATIONS |   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

--右外连接
mysql> select d.dname,e.* from emp e right join dept d on d.deptno=e.deptno;
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| dname      | empno  | ename  | job       | mgr  | hiredate            | sal     | comm    | deptno |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
| RESEARCH   | 007369 | SMITH  | CLERK     | 7902 | 1980-12-17 00:00:00 |  800.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007499 | ALLEN  | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-20 00:00:00 | 1600.00 |  300.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007521 | WARD   | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-02-22 00:00:00 | 1250.00 |  500.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007566 | JONES  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-04-02 00:00:00 | 2975.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007654 | MARTIN | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-28 00:00:00 | 1250.00 | 1400.00 |     30 |
| SALES      | 007698 | BLAKE  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-05-01 00:00:00 | 2850.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007782 | CLARK  | MANAGER   | 7839 | 1981-06-09 00:00:00 | 2450.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| RESEARCH   | 007788 | SCOTT  | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1987-04-19 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007839 | KING   | PRESIDENT | NULL | 1981-11-17 00:00:00 | 5000.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| SALES      | 007844 | TURNER | SALESMAN  | 7698 | 1981-09-08 00:00:00 | 1500.00 |    0.00 |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007876 | ADAMS  | CLERK     | 7788 | 1987-05-23 00:00:00 | 1100.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| SALES      | 007900 | JAMES  | CLERK     | 7698 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 |  950.00 |    NULL |     30 |
| RESEARCH   | 007902 | FORD   | ANALYST   | 7566 | 1981-12-03 00:00:00 | 3000.00 |    NULL |     20 |
| ACCOUNTING | 007934 | MILLER | CLERK     | 7782 | 1982-01-23 00:00:00 | 1300.00 |    NULL |     10 |
| OPERATIONS |   NULL | NULL   | NULL      | NULL | NULL                |    NULL |    NULL |   NULL |
+------------+--------+--------+-----------+------+---------------------+---------+---------+--------+
15 rows in set (0.00 sec)

三、OJ题

select a.score as score ,(select count(distinct b.score) from Scores b where b.score>=a.score) as 'rank' from Scores a order by a.score desc;

rank函数

select score, dense_rank() over (order by score desc) as 'rank'  #这个rank之所以要加引号，因为rank本身是个函数，直接写rank会报错
from scores;

换座位 Exchange Seats
小美是一所中学的信息科技老师，她有一张 seat 座位表，平时用来储存学生名字和与他们相对应的座位 id。

其中纵列的 id 是连续递增的

小美想改变相邻俩学生的座位。

你能不能帮她写一个 SQL query 来输出小美想要的结果呢？

注意：如果学生人数是奇数，则不需要改变最后一个同学的座位。

select 
    IF(mod(id,2)=0,id-1,IF(id=(select max(id) from seat),id,id+1)) as id,student
from seat
order by id

IF函数：该函数的执行机制是判断第一个参数是否为真，若为真则返回第二个参数，若为假则返回第三个参数
IF（true,0,1），返回0
IF（false,0,1），返回1
本题类似C/C++遍历数组，循环判断id大小，然后改变id