人类和大型语言模型（LLM）都有一个共同的行为模式：他们往往擅长处理位于给定内容开头或结尾的信息，而中间的信息往往会被忽视。
来自斯坦福大学、加州大学伯克利分校和Samaya AI的研究人员在论文《Lost in the Middle: How Language Models Use Long Contexts》中发现了一种类似于人类首要/近因效应的现象。这意味着，像人类一样，LLM更有可能回忆起位于输入开始或结束的信息，并倾向于忽略在中间的内容。
根据他们的发现，当这些模型检索信息时，当相关数据位于输入的开始或结束时，它们的性能是最优的。然而，当相关信息处于在中间时，性能会显著下降。当模型被要求回答要求从多个来源提取信息的问题时，这种下降尤其明显，类似于学生在几本书中搜索相关细节以进行考试。
研究表明，模型批处理的数据越多，其性能就越差。在高效处理大量信息至关重要的现实世界场景中，这可能会带来挑战。
此外，研究表明，LLM利用额外信息的有效性是有限的，警告不要使用带有过于详细说明的“mega-prompts”，因为它们可能会适得其反。
这种“中间丢失”现象不仅出现在传统LLM，支持长上下文的模型也会出现这种现象，比如GPT-4 32K或具有100Ktokens上下文窗口的Claude。研究测试了七种语言模型，包括开源大模型和闭源大模型，包括新的GPT-3.5 16K和Claude 1.3 100K，它们的性能都显示出U型曲线模式，对于在文本开头或结尾找到解决方案的任务，效果更好。
这就提出了关于具有大上下文窗口的模型的实用性的问题，当通过在较小的分段中处理上下文可以获得更好的结果时。即使是领先的型号GPT-4也表现出了这种效果，尽管总体性能水平更高。
一、检索增强生成
当我们不想微调模型，但仍想从自定义知识库中生成答案时，RAG特别有用。想象一下，我们有多个音频和视频，那么我们如何使用一种机制来帮助从这些来源检索信息，并根据用户查询生成见解。
RAG由检索和生成组件组成：
- 对于检索，我们使用一种称为语义搜索的技术；
- 对于Generation，我们使用大型语言模型来查看检索到的块，并生成类似人类的响应。
无论我们使用什么样的大模型，当检索到10多个文档时，都会出现显著的性能下降。简言之：当模型必须在长上下文中访问相关信息时，它们往往会忽略所提供的文档。
二、实现更好的RAG系统以避免LIM（中间丢失）的技术
- 为每个文档创建一个知识库是不可取的，这样基于语义相似性的检索模型难以正确检索到相关的上下文集合；
- 为了在一定程度上避免LIM问题，我们将创建不同的VectorStore，并使用merge Retriever将其合并在一起；
- 然后，我们将使用LongContextReorder重新排序结果以避免性能下降
三、合并检索器
MergerRetriever以列表的形式输入多个检索器，并将通过get_relevant_documents（）方法获取的结果合并到一个列表中。合并后的结果将是与查询相关的文档列表，这些文档已由不同的检索器进行了排序。
MergerRetriever类可以通过多种方式用于提高文档检索的准确性：
- 首先，它可以组合多个检索器的结果，这有助于降低结果中出现偏差的风险；
- 其次，它可以对不同检索器的结果进行排序，这有助于确保首先返回最相关的文档。
四、准备工作
Chromadb：用于存储文本嵌入的矢量存储。
三种不同的嵌入模型促进高级语义分析，模型如下：
BAAI/bge-small-en-v1.5Sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2OpenAI Embeddigs
Langchain：使用大型语言模型（LLM）进行应用程序开发的框架。
Zephyr-7B Beta：作为应用程序核心组件的大型语言模型。
上下文压缩：通过基于查询上下文压缩和过滤文档来解决检索中的挑战。在检索过程中涉及一个基本检索器和一个文档压缩器。
五、代码实现
5.1 安装所需的包
%%capture!pip install -qU langchain chromadb huggingface_hub sentence-transformers pypdf cohere openai tiktoken
5.2 导入所需的包
import osfrom langchain.document_transformers import (EmbeddingsClusteringFilter,EmbeddingsRedundantFilter,)from langchain.embeddings import HuggingFaceEmbeddings, OpenAIEmbeddings,HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddingsfrom langchain.retrievers import ContextualCompressionRetrieverfrom langchain.retrievers.document_compressors import DocumentCompressorPipelinefrom langchain.document_transformers import LongContextReorderfrom langchain.retrievers.merger_retriever import MergerRetrieverfrom langchain.text_splitter import RecursiveCharacterTextSplitterfrom langchain.vectorstores import FAISS,Chromafrom langchain.document_loaders import PyPDFLoader
5.3 设置OpenAI Key
import osfrom getpass import getpassimport openai#OPENAI_API_KEY = os.getenv("OPENAI_API_KEY")if not OPENAI_API_KEY:OPENAI_API_KEY = getpass("Enter your OpenAI API key: ")openai.api_key = OPENAI_API_KEY
5.4 设置Embedding模型
hf_embeddings = HuggingFaceEmbeddings(model_name="sentence-transformers/all-MiniLM-L6-v2",model_kwargs={"device":"cpu"},encode_kwargs = {'normalize_embeddings': False})hf_bge_embeddings = HuggingFaceBgeEmbeddings(model_name="BAAI/bge-large-en",model_kwargs={"device":"cpu"},encode_kwargs = {'normalize_embeddings': False})openai_embeddings = OpenAIEmbeddings(openai_api_key=OPENAI_API_KEY)
5.5 数据处理
loader_mh = PyPDFLoader("/content/mental_health_Document.pdf")documnet_mh = loader_mh.load()print(len(documnet_mh))loader_esops = PyPDFLoader("/content/Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf")documnet_esops = loader_esops.load()print(len(documnet_esops))#####OUTPUT############1344
5.6 把文档split为块
text_splitter = RecursiveCharacterTextSplitter(chunk_size=1000,chunk_overlap=200)text_mh = text_splitter.split_documents(documnet_mh)text_esops = text_splitter.split_documents(documnet_esops)print(len(text_mh))print(len(text_esops))########OUTPUT########5650
5.7 实例化两个Chromadb索引，每一个都使用不同的embedding
import chromadbABS_PATH = os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath("."))DB_DIR = os.path.join(ABS_PATH, "db")#client_settings = chromadb.config.Settings(is_persistent=True,persist_directory=DB_DIR,anonymized_telemetry=False,)#mh_vectorstore = Chroma.from_documents(text_mh,hf_bge_embeddings,client_settings=client_settings,collection_name="mental_health",collection_metadata={"hnsw":"cosine"},persist_directory="/store/mental_health")esops_vectorstore = Chroma.from_documents(text_esops,hf_embeddings ,client_settings=client_settings,collection_name="esops",collection_metadata={"hnsw":"cosine"},persist_directory="/store/mental_health")
5.8 加载VectorStore
定义具有两个不同嵌入和不同搜索类型的两个不同检索器。
retriever_mh = mh_vectorstore.as_retriever(search_type="mmr",search_kwargs={"k": 5, "include_metadata": True})retriever_esops = esops_vectorstore.as_retriever(search_type="mmr",search_kwargs={"k": 5, "include_metadata": True}
5.9 合并所有检索器
保存两个检索器的输出，并且可以使用在不同类型chain上的任何其他检索器。
Langchain中的EnsembleRetriever和MergerRetriever（LOTR）具有相似的功能，因为它们都组合了多个检索器的结果。但是，它们处理输出合并的方式不同。
EnsembleRetriever使用一种称为倒数融合（RRF）的技术来组合结果，它将检索器列表和相应的权重列表作为输入。如果没有提供权重，则默认为所有检索器的权重相等。每份文件的RRF分数计算为权重乘以排名的倒数加上常数“c”。最终结果是按加权RRF分数降序排列的项目列表
MergerRetriever（LOTR）以循环方式合并来自不同检索器的输出。它首先从所有检索器获取相关文档，然后合并它们，合并后的结果将是与查询相关的文档列表，这些文档已由不同的检索器进行了排序。来自合并检索器的冗余结果可以使用具有其他嵌入的EmbeddingsRedundantFilter来删除。文档也可以分为意义的簇或“中心”，可以选择离该中心最近的文档作为最终结果。这可以使用EmbeddingsClusteringFilter来完成。
EnsembleRetriever可用于通过为检索器分配不同的权重来调整不同检索器对最终结果的影响。
另一方面，MergerRetriever可用于降低结果中存在偏差的风险，并确保首先返回最相关的文档。
lotr = MergerRetriever(retrievers=[retriever_mh, retriever_esops])#for chunks in lotr.get_relevant_documents("What is esops?"):print(chunks.page_content)
See discussions, st ats, and author pr ofiles f or this public ation at : https://www .researchgate.ne t/public ation/255657987Defining mental health and mental illnessArticle · Januar y 2009CITATIONS9READS141,1762 author s, including:Some o f the author s of this public ation ar e also w orking on these r elat ed pr ojects:Cultural P sychiatr y View pr ojectDiversifying the medic al curriculum View pr ojectNisha Dogr aUniv ersity of L eicester152 PUBLICA TIONS 2,847 CITATIONSSEE PROFILEAll c ontent f ollo wing this p age was uplo aded b y Nisha Dogr a on 20 May 2014.The user has r equest ed enhanc ement of the do wnlo aded file.ESOPS FOR THE LONG TERM Part IVare useful as they relate to ‘societal ’ expectations of children.Different de finitions are used to de fine mental ill health. The WHO uses the term ‘mentaldisorders ’ broadly, to include mental illness, intellectual disability, personality disorder, sub-stance dependence and adjustment to adverse life events (WHO 1992). The WHO acknowledgesthat the word ‘disorder ’ is used to avoid perceived greater dif ficulties associated with ‘illness ’ –for example, stigma and the emphasis on a medical model. Meltzer et al. (2000) use the term‘mental disorders ’ in reference to emotional, conduct, hyperkinetic and less common disordersas de fined by the ICD (International Classi fication of Diseases) 10 and DSM ( Diagnostic andStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders ) IV. Jorm (2000) focuses speci fically on depression andpsychosis. Meanwhile, Rowling et al. (2002) use the terms ‘mental illness ’ and ‘mental disorder ’What is an ESOP?•An Employee Stock Options Plan (ESOP)•An allocation of shares that will be granted to employees in the futurein the form of stock options–How much equity should we set aside for employees?•A plan for how these options will be distributed:–How many shares will individual employees receive?–What terms will govern these grants?•The plan is as important as the allocation!ing prevalence rates of diagnosable mental disorder among 11 –15-year-olds: depression 1.8 percent; anxiety 4.6 per cent; conduct disorder 6.2 per cent (Meltzer et al. 2000). Moreover, theprevalence of serious mental illness increases greatly during adolescence (Davidson and Manion1996; Smith and Leon 2001; Rickwood et al. 2005). Such problems have a negative impact on anindividual ’s development across all areas of their lives – i.e. self-esteem, relationships, academicsuccess, career options and lifestyle (Mental Health Foundation 1999; Meltzer et al. 2000).Furthermore, the burden of adolescent mental health problems and illness involves enormousfinancial costs to individuals, families and society. These include loss of earnings for parentsand adolescents, and social care, health service, education and Home Of fice costs (AppletonLate-VC Flush with capital, startups at this stagebegin to steadily ramp -up hiring, yetemployees still want equity Important to have standardized theESOP and the amount of equity grantedto new hires at each levelGrowth Company is aggressively pursuinggrowth and hiring; likely to haveexhausted most of the ESOP Most of the ESOP is gone, but sharesremaining are more valuable; use themto allow new hires to share in the upside Make employee equity allocations and set up an ESOP sometimebetween the pre -seed and early -VC stageKendall, R. (1988) Diagnosis and classi fication, in R. Kendall and A. Zealley (eds) Companion to PsychiatricStudies . Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.Leighton, S. (2006) Pilot thesis: ‘What do I think? Where do I go? ’ Exploring adolescents ’ understanding ofmental health issues and their attitudes towards seeking help for mental health problems. Unpublisheddoctoral assignment.16 Nursing in child and adolescent mental healthLegal AdviceWhen structuring an ESOP, engage an experiencedstartup lawyer with regional expertise to standardize theterms and languageof the Jewish people by the Nazis (Link and Phelan 2001). Stigma was de fined by Goffman(1970) as the position of the individual who is disquali fied from full social acceptance. It isperceived as the outcome of a process of social labelling which singles out difference, names thisdifference inferiority, subsequently blames those who are different for their otherness andcontributes to the creation of a spoilt identity (Goffman 1970). Since that seminal develop-ment, the concept has evolved. For example, stigma can be described with reference to therelationships between a set of interrelated concepts, rather than focusing solely on personalattributes – i.e. stigma exists when elements of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status lossand discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows these processes to happen(Link and Phelan 2001).The nature and extent of stigmatization in adult mental illnessThe defining difference between Silicon Valley companies and almostevery other industry in the U.S. is the virtually universal practice amongtech companies of distributing meaningful equity (usually in the form ofstock options) to ordinary employees . A Defining Characteristic of Startup CultureSteven Johnson, Technology Writer•Startups are a unique case . Unlike at larger corporations, employeeownership is an essential element of startup communities and culture–As high -risk/high -reward enterprises, startups use options to alignemployee compensation with the risk -prone mentality of thebusiness–Startups seeking to achieve a “big exit” use options to align allemployees to drive toward this desired outcome
for chunks in lotr.get_relevant_documents("What is consequence of stigma?"):print(chunks.page_content)######OUTPUT###########applicable to children.Consequences of stigmaStigmatization of the mentally ill is understood to be prejudicial to them, injurious to all aspectsof their treatment in mental health services and damaging to their role as members of society(Hinshaw 2005). Stigmatization leads to individual and social discrimination against the stig-matized person. Several authors identify that the discriminatory behaviour displayed can behostile or avoidant and that it operates throughout personal and social relationships, pervadingthe home, workplace, local community, health and social welfare systems. This can result inincreased feelings of shame, increased personal and social impairment and isolation, perpetu-ation and worsening of an illness, reluctance to access health care and infringement of humanrights (Link and Phelan 2001; Crisp 2004; Hinshaw 2005).Children, mental illness and stigmaSocial Impact Considerations•Companies focused on social impact goals and/or in developingmarkets may have unique ESOP considerations•Consider two possible scenarios:–Financial Inclusion Goals : Employee -friendly hiring practices andESOPs can help build local financial inclusion. If this is part of yourcorporate mandate, consider the added social impact value ofoffering your options program to all levels of employees–Local Ownership Culture : Conversely, in certain regions stockoptions may have negligible value to employees, either because ofrisk aversion, lack of liquidity, or lack of understanding. If this is thecase, it is not worth extensively offering options to employees whowould rather be paid in cash1997; Crisp et al. 2000; Sartorius 2002; Gureje et al. 2005).Definition of the concept of stigmaStigma can be viewed as a social construct. Setting people apart from other members of societyhas a long history. In ancient Greece members of tainted groups – for example, slaves andDefining mental health and mental illness 11THE FINE PRINT – TERMS Part IIITwo large-scale literature reviews have suggested that the media can be regarded as animportant in fluence on community attitudes towards mental illness. It is considered thatthere is a complex and circular relationship between mass media representation of mentalillness and public understanding, with negative media images promoting negative attitudesand resultant media coverage feeding off an already negative public perception. It is alsothought that negative images will have a greater effect on public attitudes than positive por-trayals (Francis et al. 2001; Edney 2004). Work by Wahl (2003) suggests that this is equally...perceived as the outcome of a process of social labelling which singles out difference, names thisdifference inferiority, subsequently blames those who are different for their otherness andcontributes to the creation of a spoilt identity (Goffman 1970). Since that seminal develop-ment, the concept has evolved. For example, stigma can be described with reference to therelationships between a set of interrelated concepts, rather than focusing solely on personalattributes – i.e. stigma exists when elements of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status lossand discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows these processes to happen(Link and Phelan 2001).The nature and extent of stigmatization in adult mental illnessESOPS FOR THE LONG TERM Part IV
5.10 从合并的检索器中删除多余的结果
EmbeddingsRedundantFilter通过比较冗余文档的嵌入来删除冗余文档
filter = EmbeddingsRedundantFilter(embeddings=openai_embeddings)pipeline = DocumentCompressorPipeline(transformers=[filter])compression_retriever = ContextualCompressionRetriever(base_compressor=pipeline,base_retriever=lotr)
5.11 通过原始检索器分数排序，来获得最终文档
- 这个过滤器将把文档向量划分为聚类或意义的“中心”；
- 然后，将为最终结果选择离该中心最近的文档；
- 默认情况下，结果文档将按簇进行排序/分组；
- 如果希望最终文档按原始检索器分数排序，需要将“排序”参数添加为True
filter_ordered_by_retriever = EmbeddingsClusteringFilter(embeddings=openai_embeddings,num_clusters=10,num_closest=1,sorted=True,)pipeline = DocumentCompressorPipeline(transformers=[filter_ordered_by_retriever])compression_retriever = ContextualCompressionRetriever(base_compressor=pipeline, base_retriever=lotr)
5.12 重新排序结果以避免性能下降
lotr = MergerRetriever(retrievers=[retriever_mh, retriever_esops])query = "What is ESOPS?"docs = lotr.get_relevant_documents(query)docs#####OUTPUT#######[Document(page_content='See discussions, st ats, and author pr ofiles f or this public ation at : https://www .researchgate.ne t/public ation/255657987\nDefining mental health and mental illness\nArticle · Januar y 2009\nCITATIONS\n10READS\n151,087\n2 author s, including:\nNisha Dogr a\nUniv ersity of L eicester\n152 PUBLICA TIONS \xa0\xa0\xa02,974 CITATIONS \xa0\xa0\xa0\nSEE PROFILE\nAll c ontent f ollo wing this p age was uplo aded b y Nisha Dogr a on 20 May 2014.\nThe user has r equest ed enhanc ement of the do wnlo aded file.', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 0}),Document(page_content='ESOPS FOR THE LONG TERM Part IV', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 34}),Document(page_content='of the Jewish people by the Nazis (Link and Phelan 2001). Stigma was de fined by Goffman\n(1970) as the position of the individual who is disquali fied from full social acceptance. It is\nperceived as the outcome of a process of social labelling which singles out difference, names thisdifference inferiority, subsequently blames those who are different for their otherness andcontributes to the creation of a spoilt identity (Goffman 1970). Since that seminal develop-ment, the concept has evolved. For example, stigma can be described with reference to therelationships between a set of interrelated concepts, rather than focusing solely on personalattributes – i.e. stigma exists when elements of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss\nand discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows these processes to happen(Link and Phelan 2001).\nThe nature and extent of stigmatization in adult mental illness', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 6}),Document(page_content='The defining difference between Silicon Valley companies and almost \nevery other industry in the U.S. is the virtually universal practice among \ntech companies of distributing meaningful equity (usually in the form of \nstock options) to ordinary employees . A Defining Characteristic of Startup Culture \nSteven Johnson, Technology Writer \n•Startups are a unique case . Unlike at larger corporations, employee \nownership is an essential element of startup communities and culture \n–As high -risk/high -reward enterprises, startups use options to align \nemployee compensation with the risk -prone mentality of the \nbusiness \n–Startups seeking to achieve a “big exit” use options to align all \nemployees to drive toward this desired outcome', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 8}),Document(page_content='provide a useful starting point from which to discuss mental health issues with children andtheir families.\nDefinitions of child mental health\nDefinitions of mental health as they relate speci fically to children have been provided by the\nHealth Advisory Service (HAS) (1995) and the Mental Health Foundation (1999). These def-initions bear similarities to those provided by Ryff and Singer (1998) and Rowling et al. (2002),\nwhile recognizing the developmental context of childhood – i.e. the ability to develop psycho-\nlogically, emotionally, creatively, intellectually and spiritually; initiate, develop and sustainmutually satisfying personal relationships; use and enjoy solitude; become aware of others andempathize with them; play and learn; develop a sense of right and wrong; and resolve problemsand setbacks and learn from them (HAS 1995; Mental Health Foundation 1999). Such de finitions\nare useful as they relate to ‘societal ’ expectations of children.', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 3}),Document(page_content='What is an ESOP? \n•An Employee Stock Options Plan (ESOP) \n \n•An allocation of shares that will be granted to employees in the future \nin the form of stock options \n–How much equity should we set aside for employees? \n \n•A plan for how these options will be distributed: \n–How many shares will individual employees receive? \n–What terms will govern these grants? \n \n•The plan is as important as the allocation!', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 3}),Document(page_content='ing prevalence rates of diagnosable mental disorder among 11 –15-year-olds: depression 1.8 per\ncent; anxiety 4.6 per cent; conduct disorder 6.2 per cent (Meltzer et al. 2000). Moreover, the\nprevalence of serious mental illness increases greatly during adolescence (Davidson and Manion1996; Smith and Leon 2001; Rickwood et al. 2005). Such problems have a negative impact on an\nindividual ’s development across all areas of their lives – i.e. self-esteem, relationships, academic\nsuccess, career options and lifestyle (Mental Health Foundation 1999; Meltzer et al. 2000).\nFurthermore, the burden of adolescent mental health problems and illness involves enormousfinancial costs to individuals, families and society. These include loss of earnings for parents\nand adolescents, and social care, health service, education and Home Of fice costs (Appleton', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 5}),Document(page_content='Legal Advice \nWhen structuring an ESOP, engage an experienced \nstartup lawyer with regional expertise to standardize the \nterms and language', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 33}),Document(page_content='Mental health literacy\nFinally, in this section, it is also worth considering how the mental health ‘literacy ’ of adults\nand children in the general population varies from that of professionals. In all phases of a recentresearch project, conceptual confusion was identi fied in the literature review and among ado-\nlescent participants (Leighton 2006, 2008). Focus group participants did not find the single\ncontinuum model suggested by the WHO (2000) helpful (Leighton 2006). Furthermore, in thefocus group feedback session, participants suggested that labelling serious mental illnesses suchas schizophrenia and major depression, as ‘mental health problems ’, diminishes the seriousness\nof mental illness, with implications for attitudes towards, and treatment of, those with mentalillness (Leighton 2006). It is also evident that there is considerable confusion for young peoplebetween the terms ‘mental health ’, ‘mental illness ’ and ‘learning disability ’ (Dogra et al. 2007;\nRose et al. 2007).', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 5}),Document(page_content='Late-VC Flush with capital, startups at this stage \nbegin to steadily ramp -up hiring, yet \nemployees still want equity Important to have standardized the \nESOP and the amount of equity granted \nto new hires at each level \nGrowth Company is aggressively pursuing \ngrowth and hiring; likely to have \nexhausted most of the ESOP Most of the ESOP is gone, but shares \nremaining are more valuable; use them \nto allow new hires to share in the upside Make employee equity allocations and set up an ESOP sometime \nbetween the pre -seed and early -VC stage', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 10})]
5.13 重新排序的文档（处理中间丢失的文档）
reordering = LongContextReorder()reordered_docs = reordering.transform_documents(docs)reordered_docs#####OUTPUT###[Document(page_content='ESOPS FOR THE LONG TERM Part IV', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 34}),Document(page_content='The defining difference between Silicon Valley companies and almost \nevery other industry in the U.S. is the virtually universal practice among \ntech companies of distributing meaningful equity (usually in the form of \nstock options) to ordinary employees . A Defining Characteristic of Startup Culture \nSteven Johnson, Technology Writer \n•Startups are a unique case . Unlike at larger corporations, employee \nownership is an essential element of startup communities and culture \n–As high -risk/high -reward enterprises, startups use options to align \nemployee compensation with the risk -prone mentality of the \nbusiness \n–Startups seeking to achieve a “big exit” use options to align all \nemployees to drive toward this desired outcome', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 8}),Document(page_content='What is an ESOP? \n•An Employee Stock Options Plan (ESOP) \n \n•An allocation of shares that will be granted to employees in the future \nin the form of stock options \n–How much equity should we set aside for employees? \n \n•A plan for how these options will be distributed: \n–How many shares will individual employees receive? \n–What terms will govern these grants? \n \n•The plan is as important as the allocation!', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 3}),Document(page_content='Legal Advice \nWhen structuring an ESOP, engage an experienced \nstartup lawyer with regional expertise to standardize the \nterms and language', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 33}),Document(page_content='Late-VC Flush with capital, startups at this stage \nbegin to steadily ramp -up hiring, yet \nemployees still want equity Important to have standardized the \nESOP and the amount of equity granted \nto new hires at each level \nGrowth Company is aggressively pursuing \ngrowth and hiring; likely to have \nexhausted most of the ESOP Most of the ESOP is gone, but shares \nremaining are more valuable; use them \nto allow new hires to share in the upside Make employee equity allocations and set up an ESOP sometime \nbetween the pre -seed and early -VC stage', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 10}),Document(page_content='Mental health literacy\nFinally, in this section, it is also worth considering how the mental health ‘literacy ’ of adults\nand children in the general population varies from that of professionals. In all phases of a recentresearch project, conceptual confusion was identi fied in the literature review and among ado-\nlescent participants (Leighton 2006, 2008). Focus group participants did not find the single\ncontinuum model suggested by the WHO (2000) helpful (Leighton 2006). Furthermore, in thefocus group feedback session, participants suggested that labelling serious mental illnesses suchas schizophrenia and major depression, as ‘mental health problems ’, diminishes the seriousness\nof mental illness, with implications for attitudes towards, and treatment of, those with mentalillness (Leighton 2006). It is also evident that there is considerable confusion for young peoplebetween the terms ‘mental health ’, ‘mental illness ’ and ‘learning disability ’ (Dogra et al. 2007;\nRose et al. 2007).', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 5}),Document(page_content='ing prevalence rates of diagnosable mental disorder among 11 –15-year-olds: depression 1.8 per\ncent; anxiety 4.6 per cent; conduct disorder 6.2 per cent (Meltzer et al. 2000). Moreover, the\nprevalence of serious mental illness increases greatly during adolescence (Davidson and Manion1996; Smith and Leon 2001; Rickwood et al. 2005). Such problems have a negative impact on an\nindividual ’s development across all areas of their lives – i.e. self-esteem, relationships, academic\nsuccess, career options and lifestyle (Mental Health Foundation 1999; Meltzer et al. 2000).\nFurthermore, the burden of adolescent mental health problems and illness involves enormousfinancial costs to individuals, families and society. These include loss of earnings for parents\nand adolescents, and social care, health service, education and Home Of fice costs (Appleton', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 5}),Document(page_content='provide a useful starting point from which to discuss mental health issues with children andtheir families.\nDefinitions of child mental health\nDefinitions of mental health as they relate speci fically to children have been provided by the\nHealth Advisory Service (HAS) (1995) and the Mental Health Foundation (1999). These def-initions bear similarities to those provided by Ryff and Singer (1998) and Rowling et al. (2002),\nwhile recognizing the developmental context of childhood – i.e. the ability to develop psycho-\nlogically, emotionally, creatively, intellectually and spiritually; initiate, develop and sustainmutually satisfying personal relationships; use and enjoy solitude; become aware of others andempathize with them; play and learn; develop a sense of right and wrong; and resolve problemsand setbacks and learn from them (HAS 1995; Mental Health Foundation 1999). Such de finitions\nare useful as they relate to ‘societal ’ expectations of children.', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 3}),Document(page_content='of the Jewish people by the Nazis (Link and Phelan 2001). Stigma was de fined by Goffman\n(1970) as the position of the individual who is disquali fied from full social acceptance. It is\nperceived as the outcome of a process of social labelling which singles out difference, names thisdifference inferiority, subsequently blames those who are different for their otherness andcontributes to the creation of a spoilt identity (Goffman 1970). Since that seminal develop-ment, the concept has evolved. For example, stigma can be described with reference to therelationships between a set of interrelated concepts, rather than focusing solely on personalattributes – i.e. stigma exists when elements of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss\nand discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows these processes to happen(Link and Phelan 2001).\nThe nature and extent of stigmatization in adult mental illness', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 6}),Document(page_content='See discussions, st ats, and author pr ofiles f or this public ation at : https://www .researchgate.ne t/public ation/255657987\nDefining mental health and mental illness\nArticle · Januar y 2009\nCITATIONS\n10READS\n151,087\n2 author s, including:\nNisha Dogr a\nUniv ersity of L eicester\n152 PUBLICA TIONS \xa0\xa0\xa02,974 CITATIONS \xa0\xa0\xa0\nSEE PROFILE\nAll c ontent f ollo wing this p age was uplo aded b y Nisha Dogr a on 20 May 2014.\nThe user has r equest ed enhanc ement of the do wnlo aded file.', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 0})]
注意：在应用LongContextReorder后，可以看到检索到的上下文的顺序有所不同，该命令根据上下文与所请求查询的相关性对检索到的语境进行重新排序。
5.14 设置筛选和LongContext Retriever管道
from re import searchfilter = EmbeddingsRedundantFilter(embeddings=hf_bge_embeddings_small)reordering = LongContextReorder()pipeline = DocumentCompressorPipeline(transformers=[filter, reordering])compression_retriever_reordered = ContextualCompressionRetriever(base_compressor=pipeline, base_retriever=lotr,search_kwargs={"k": 5, "include_metadata": True})#docs = compression_retriever_reordered.get_relevant_documents("What is esops?")print(len(docs))#print(docs[0].page_content)#print(compression_retriever_reordered.get_relevant_documents("What is the stigma associated with mental health?")[0].page_content)####OUTPUT######10ESOPS FOR THE LONG TERM Part IVSocial Impact Considerations•Companies focused on social impact goals and/or in developingmarkets may have unique ESOP considerations•Consider two possible scenarios:–Financial Inclusion Goals : Employee -friendly hiring practices andESOPs can help build local financial inclusion. If this is part of yourcorporate mandate, consider the added social impact value ofoffering your options program to all levels of employees–Local Ownership Culture : Conversely, in certain regions stockoptions may have negligible value to employees, either because ofrisk aversion, lack of liquidity, or lack of understanding. If this is thecase, it is not worth extensively offering options to employees whowould rather be paid in cash
5.15 使用Langchain实现生成管道
下载模型参数文件
https://huggingface.co/TheBloke/zephyr-7B-beta-GGUF/blob/main/zephyr-7b-beta.Q4_K_M.gguf
从上面的链接下载模型文件，并将其保存到当前工作目录中。
5.16 设置LLM
from langchain.llms import LlamaCppllms = LlamaCpp(streaming=True,model_path="zephyr-7b-beta.Q4_K_M.gguf",max_tokens = 1500,temperature=0.75,top_p=1,gpu_layers=0,stream=True,verbose=True,n_threads = int(os.cpu_count()/2),n_ctx=4096)
5.17 设置RetrievalQA chain
from langchain.chains import RetrievalQA#qa = RetrievalQA.from_chain_type(llm=llms,chain_type="stuff",retriever = compression_retriever_reordered,return_source_documents = True)
5.18 查询
query ="What is esop?"results = qa(query)print(results['result']#print(results["source_documents"])######OUTPUT############' An Employee Stock Options Plan (ESOP) is a plan for allocating shares that will be granted to employees in the future, typically in the form of stock options. It covers the allocation, distribution, and terms of these grants. The ESOP is as important as the allocation!'[_DocumentWithState(page_content='What is an ESOP? \n•An Employee Stock Options Plan (ESOP) \n \n•An allocation of shares that will be granted to employees in the future \nin the form of stock options \n–How much equity should we set aside for employees? \n \n•A plan for how these options will be distributed: \n–How many shares will individual employees receive? \n–What terms will govern these grants? \n \n•The plan is as important as the allocation!', metadata={'source': 'Employee-Stock-Option-Plans-ESOP-Best-Practices-2.pdf', 'page': 3}, state={'embedded_doc': [-0.0477779321372509, -0.05912907421588898, 0.006894585210829973, 0.009495058096945286, 0.008375875651836395, -0.005076141562312841, 0.07825859636068344, -0.025947092100977898, 0.019847948104143143, -0.0024352725595235825, 0.009562515653669834, 0.030216794461011887, -0.0353735126554966, -0.00015776196960359812, -0.018419837579131126, 0.018272126093506813, -0.12005319446325302, 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The WHO uses the term ‘mental\ndisorders ’ broadly, to include mental illness, intellectual disability, personality disorder, sub-\nstance dependence and adjustment to adverse life events (WHO 1992). The WHO acknowledgesthat the word ‘disorder ’ is used to avoid perceived greater dif ficulties associated with ‘illness ’ –\nfor example, stigma and the emphasis on a medical model. Meltzer et al. (2000) use the term\n‘mental disorders ’ in reference to emotional, conduct, hyperkinetic and less common disorders\nas de fined by the ICD (International Classi fication of Diseases) 10 and DSM ( Diagnostic and\nStatistical Manual of Mental Disorders ) IV. Jorm (2000) focuses speci fically on depression and\npsychosis. Meanwhile, Rowling et al. 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Association.\nAppleton, P.L. and Hammond-Rowley, S. (2000) Addressing the population burden of child and adolescent\nmental health problems: a primary care model, Child Psychology and Psychiatry Review , 5(1): 9 –16.\nArmstrong, C., Hill, M. and Secker, J. (1998) Listening to Children . London: The Mental Health Foundation.\nArmstrong, C., Hill, M. and Secker, J. (2000) Young people ’s perceptions of mental health, Children and\nSociety , 14: 60 –72.\nAsarnow, J.R., Jaycox, L.H. and Thompson, M.C. (2001) Depression in youth: psychosocial interventions,\nJournal of Clinical Child Psychology , 30(1): 33 –47.\nAtkins, M.S., Frazier, S.L., Adil, J.A. and Talbot, E. 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In all phases of a recentresearch project, conceptual confusion was identi fied in the literature review and among ado-\nlescent participants (Leighton 2006, 2008). Focus group participants did not find the single\ncontinuum model suggested by the WHO (2000) helpful (Leighton 2006). Furthermore, in thefocus group feedback session, participants suggested that labelling serious mental illnesses suchas schizophrenia and major depression, as ‘mental health problems ’, diminishes the seriousness\nof mental illness, with implications for attitudes towards, and treatment of, those with mentalillness (Leighton 2006). It is also evident that there is considerable confusion for young peoplebetween the terms ‘mental health ’, ‘mental illness ’ and ‘learning disability ’ (Dogra et al. 2007;\nRose et al. 2007).', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 5}, state={'embedded_doc': [0.04499732330441475, 0.028216205537319183, -0.019932270050048828, -0.0037953502032905817, 0.005789243616163731, 0.06876437366008759, -0.0012708998983725905, 0.028347505256533623, 0.0022024516947567463, -0.05467447265982628, 0.010037371888756752, -0.033393386751413345, -0.0022406545467674732, -9.069243969861418e-05, -0.025916647166013718, 0.023093760013580322, 0.004339972510933876, -0.003952894825488329, -0.02159130945801735, 0.026114055886864662, 0.002267794916406274, 0.005971602629870176, 0.07199912518262863, 0.07089950144290924, 0.0022620807867497206, 0.0019176786299794912, 0.03326719254255295, -0.031181171536445618, -0.022527849301695824, -0.11425809562206268, 0.027391759678721428, 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Stigma was de fined by Goffman\n(1970) as the position of the individual who is disquali fied from full social acceptance. It is\nperceived as the outcome of a process of social labelling which singles out difference, names thisdifference inferiority, subsequently blames those who are different for their otherness andcontributes to the creation of a spoilt identity (Goffman 1970). Since that seminal develop-ment, the concept has evolved. For example, stigma can be described with reference to therelationships between a set of interrelated concepts, rather than focusing solely on personalattributes – i.e. stigma exists when elements of labelling, stereotyping, separation, status loss\nand discrimination occur together in a power situation that allows these processes to happen(Link and Phelan 2001).\nThe nature and extent of stigmatization in adult mental illness', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 6}, state={'embedded_doc': [0.060363247990608215, 0.05009806901216507, -0.006028744392096996, 0.017937561497092247, -0.003828356508165598, 0.07358463108539581, 0.10312618315219879, 0.013181501999497414, 0.011381590738892555, -0.038329530507326126, 0.06499912589788437, 0.000817059597466141, -0.018513113260269165, -0.00952185783535242, 0.015914537012577057, 0.033861298114061356, -0.003702082671225071, 0.06687232851982117, -0.043620333075523376, -0.0022400165908038616, 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results = qa("How to determine Dollar Value of the Options Grant")print(results['result'])#print(results["source_documents"])#for source in results["source_documents"]:print(source.metadata)########OUTPUT###############To calculate the Options Grant, use this formula: (Number of Shares) = Dollar Value of Options Grant / Current Share Price. In other words, if the company is offering employees $100,000 in options on shares selling for $30 each, then the number of shares granted would be 3,333 (rounded).[_DocumentWithState(page_content='5. 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However, a dimensions approachallows for greater flexibility. Kendall (1988) concludes that where psychotic illness is concerned\na categorical approach may be preferable, whereas in other conditions the situation is morelikely to be changeable, and would perhaps bene fit from a dimensional perspective.\nOne way of distinguishing between distress associated with adverse life events and more\nsevere disorders which involve physiological symptoms and underlying biological changes is todistinguish between mental health problems and mental illness, using a multi-dimensionalmodel. This has an additional advantage in enabling normal ‘distress ’ (e.g. grief following\nbereavement) to be recognized as part of the ‘human condition ’, rather than being medicalized\nand possibly classed as ‘depression ’. It is suggested that a variety of normal human experiences', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 4}, state={'embedded_doc': [0.012228049337863922, 0.028934478759765625, -0.012618748471140862, 0.007042165379971266, -0.033143285661935806, 0.011502165347337723, 0.058621518313884735, 0.0020430090371519327, 0.0074933175928890705, -0.053858641535043716, 0.010803543962538242, -0.013632216490805149, -0.04187605902552605, 0.03312387317419052, 0.004000699147582054, 0.02728584036231041, 0.06851916760206223, 0.022676926106214523, -0.06538774073123932, 0.05737036094069481, 0.06725869327783585, 0.029707422479987144, 0.030932627618312836, 0.047502417117357254, 0.018659839406609535, 0.018528077751398087, -0.007639292161911726, -0.0206154752522707, -0.00782899558544159, -0.17473413050174713, -0.004074951633810997, 0.022724037989974022, 0.02018793113529682, -0.005891723092645407, -0.02328137680888176, 0.008446723222732544, 0.03260330855846405, 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(1988) Diagnosis and classi fication, in R. Kendall and A. Zealley (eds) Companion to Psychiatric\nStudies . Edinburgh: Churchill Livingstone.\nLeighton, S. (2006) Pilot thesis: ‘What do I think? Where do I go? ’ Exploring adolescents ’ understanding of\nmental health issues and their attitudes towards seeking help for mental health problems. Unpublisheddoctoral assignment.16 Nursing in child and adolescent mental health', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 10}, state={'embedded_doc': [0.007659497670829296, 0.005393608473241329, 0.03254187852144241, -0.003909757360816002, 0.03482643887400627, 0.019727446138858795, 0.03860922157764435, 0.055980902165174484, 0.005077574867755175, -0.03218856081366539, 0.004933442920446396, -0.01654347963631153, -0.00914869736880064, 0.03953824192285538, 0.03512023389339447, 0.01289572287350893, 0.0036411990877240896, 0.02922634221613407, 0.0030798539519309998, 0.009685569442808628, -0.04895889386534691, -0.027724342420697212, 0.02641425095498562, 0.03194775804877281, 0.03640347719192505, 0.06804949045181274, 0.026058293879032135, -0.010899883694946766, -0.042925603687763214, -0.12377943843603134, 0.030630778521299362, -0.002913889940828085, 0.06215805560350418, 0.007210560142993927, 0.008544433861970901, -0.007763893809169531, 0.030261723324656487, 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health problem or illness? If so, on\nwhat grounds would you justify that decision?\n\x7fDo they need help?\n\x7fIf so, who and/or what might be helpful?\n\x7fHow might this be helpful?\nCase scenario 1\nJack, aged 9, lives with his mother and younger brother. His father unexpectedly left the\nfamily a year ago. Jack started a new school six months ago and is having difficultysettling in. He complains of tummy ache each school morning and is increasinglyreluctant to attend.\nCase scenario 2', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 2}, state={'embedded_doc': [-0.0019011890981346369, -0.0038127428852021694, 0.03988463804125786, -0.024577412754297256, -0.0019302432192489505, -0.008401371538639069, 0.07550620287656784, 0.010599920526146889, -0.009033357724547386, -0.0541226863861084, 0.019566630944609642, -0.003997118677943945, 0.008784210309386253, -0.0068548740819096565, 0.03862158581614494, 0.021464698016643524, -0.0048937126994132996, -0.04957917705178261, -0.03729602321982384, 0.031601496040821075, -0.04404556006193161, 0.03111041523516178, -0.018432479351758957, -0.017249032855033875, -0.017938120290637016, 0.04759329557418823, 0.007619176991283894, 0.034876514226198196, -0.05075616389513016, -0.08206454664468765, 0.05259240046143532, -0.03871350735425949, 4.18836425524205e-05, -0.015426931902766228, 0.003094775602221489, 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2009\nCITATIONS\n10READS\n151,087\n2 author s, including:\nNisha Dogr a\nUniv ersity of L eicester\n152 PUBLICA TIONS \xa0\xa0\xa02,974 CITATIONS \xa0\xa0\xa0\nSEE PROFILE\nAll c ontent f ollo wing this p age was uplo aded b y Nisha Dogr a on 20 May 2014.\nThe user has r equest ed enhanc ement of the do wnlo aded file.', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 0}, state={'embedded_doc': [-0.04958971589803696, 0.022525319829583168, 0.02057662419974804, 0.002570339711382985, 0.05409274995326996, 0.04565831646323204, 0.0017894540214911103, 0.02417939528822899, 0.007501609623432159, -0.014888494275510311, 0.045569609850645065, -0.021649278700351715, -0.01873120851814747, 0.018811605870723724, 0.0019220846006646752, 0.013190642930567265, -0.006645718589425087, -0.02559257484972477, -0.030177338048815727, 0.061652444303035736, -0.00798887386918068, -0.054714806377887726, 0.04959242418408394, 0.0174567848443985, 0.038012757897377014, 0.013950168155133724, 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This is important as thosewho work in mental health, or are familiar with the field, often make the assumption that the\nterms used are readily understood by others. The scale of the problem and access to services isoutlined. We then discuss stigma generally, explore the reasons for it and possible sequelae, andthen consider how this relates to children. Finally, interventions to reduce stigma are brie fly\npresented. As mentioned in the Introduction, where possible we have referred speci fically to the\nliterature relating to children but where this is limited we have drawn from the wider literatureto highlight key issues.\nThe chapter begins with an exercise which provides a practical context for the theoretical\ncontent and should be borne in mind as you read, and answered once you have finished the\nchapter.\nBox 1.1\nExercise\nGeneral questions\n\x7f What words or images do you associate with the following terms:\n\x7f Mental health', metadata={'source': 'Defining_mental_health_and_mental_illness.pdf', 'page': 1}, state={'embedded_doc': [0.06480266153812408, -0.00954077485948801, -0.0044887373223900795, -0.004682324826717377, 0.015972455963492393, 0.04316655918955803, 0.04998887702822685, 0.01025178749114275, 0.00014676112914457917, -0.026718927547335625, 0.06144905835390091, -0.04188359156250954, -0.008747519925236702, 0.03649096563458443, 0.04833370819687843, 0.020218465477228165, 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六、结论
总之，实现更好的RAG系统对于避免LIM和改进检索过程至关重要。创建单独的VectorStore并使用Merge Retriever进行合并，以及通过LongContextReorder对结果进行重新排序，可以帮助减少LIM的问题，提高检索模型的效率。
参考文献：
[1] https://medium.aiplanet.com/overcome-lost-in-middle-phenomenon-in-rag-using-longcontextretriver-2334dc022f0e
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