前言:
在SpringBoot应用程序中,Controller是接受客户端请求并返回响应数据的核心组件。为了保证Controller的正确性和稳定性,我们可以使用MockMVC框架进行单元测试。MockMVC是Spring框架提供的一个HTTP客户端,用于模拟HTTP请求和响应,以测试Controller的行为和逻辑。使用MockMVC,我们可以在不启动应用程序的情况下对Controller进行测试,这样可以提高测试效率和方便测试调试。在测试Controller时,我们通常使用mock方法模拟Service和Repository的行为,以隔离Controller和其他组件的依赖关系。同时,我们还可以使用Hamcrest和AssertJ等断言库对结果进行断言,以验证Controller的行为是否符合预期。
MockMvcBuilder是用来构造MockMvc的构造器,其主要有两个实现:StandaloneMockMvcBuilder和DefaultMockMvcBuilder,分别对应两种测试方式,即独立安装和集成Web环境测试(此种方式并不会集成真正的web环境,而是通过相应的Mock API进行模拟测试,无须启动服务器)。对于我们来说直接使用静态工厂MockMvcBuilders创建即可。
下面就写一个简单的案例,告诉你是如何使用MockMvc进行Controller测试的
第一步、创建项目
创建一个Maven项目(springboot-junit),并配置pom.xml,参照下面代码
<project xmlns="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://maven.apache.org/POM/4.0.0 http://maven.apache.org/xsd/maven-4.0.0.xsd">
<modelVersion>4.0.0</modelVersion>
<groupId>org.lvgang</groupId>
<artifactId>springboot-junit</artifactId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
<packaging>jar</packaging>
<name>springboot-junit</name>
<url>http://maven.apache.org</url>
<parent>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-parent</artifactId>
<version>2.1.3.RELEASE</version>
</parent>
<properties>
<project.build.sourceEncoding>UTF-8</project.build.sourceEncoding>
</properties>
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-web</artifactId>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-test</artifactId>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
</project>
创建一个Controller类,我们在后面就测试空上Controller
package org.lvgang;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
@RestController
public class HelloController {
@RequestMapping("/")
public String hello(String name){
return "hello "+name;
}
}
第二步、编写测试类
下面我们就是编写测试类了
package org.lvgang;
import org.junit.Assert;
import org.junit.Before;
import org.junit.Test;
import org.junit.runner.RunWith;
import org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired;
import org.springframework.boot.test.context.SpringBootTest;
import org.springframework.http.MediaType;
import org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringRunner;
import org.springframework.test.context.web.WebAppConfiguration;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MvcResult;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.request.MockMvcRequestBuilders;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.result.MockMvcResultHandlers;
import org.springframework.test.web.servlet.setup.MockMvcBuilders;
import org.springframework.web.context.WebApplicationContext;
//SpringBoot1.4版本之前用的是SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class
@RunWith(SpringRunner.class)
//SpringBoot1.4版本之前用的是@SpringApplicationConfiguration(classes = Application.class)
@SpringBootTest(classes = App.class)
//测试环境使用,用来表示测试环境使用的ApplicationContext将是WebApplicationContext类型的
@WebAppConfiguration
public class HelloControllerTest {
@Autowired
private WebApplicationContext webApplicationContext;
private MockMvc mockMvc;
@Before
public void setUp() throws Exception{
//MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(WebApplicationContext context):指定WebApplicationContext,将会从该上下文获取相应的控制器并得到相应的MockMvc;
mockMvc = MockMvcBuilders.webAppContextSetup(webApplicationContext).build();//建议使用这种
}
@Test
public void getHello() throws Exception{
/**
* 1、mockMvc.perform执行一个请求。
* 2、MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("XXX")构造一个请求。
* 3、ResultActions.param添加请求传值
* 4、ResultActions.accept(MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE))设置返回类型
* 5、ResultActions.andExpect添加执行完成后的断言。
* 6、ResultActions.andDo添加一个结果处理器,表示要对结果做点什么事情
* 比如此处使用MockMvcResultHandlers.print()输出整个响应结果信息。
* 5、ResultActions.andReturn表示执行完成后返回相应的结果。
*/
MvcResult mvcResult= mockMvc.perform(MockMvcRequestBuilders.get("/")
.param("name","lvgang")
.accept(MediaType.TEXT_HTML_VALUE))
// .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.status().isOk()) //等同于Assert.assertEquals(200,status);
// .andExpect(MockMvcResultMatchers.content().string("hello lvgang")) //等同于 Assert.assertEquals("hello lvgang",content);
.andDo(MockMvcResultHandlers.print())
.andReturn();
int status=mvcResult.getResponse().getStatus(); //得到返回代码
String content=mvcResult.getResponse().getContentAsString(); //得到返回结果
Assert.assertEquals(200,status); //断言,判断返回代码是否正确
Assert.assertEquals("hello lvgang",content); //断言,判断返回的值是否正确
}
}
整个测试过程如下:
-
准备测试环境
-
通过MockMvc执行请求
-
添加验证断言
-
添加结果处理器
-
得到MvcResult进行自定义断言/进行下一步的异步请求
-
卸载测试环境
第三步、测试结果
通过执行HelloControllerTest,得到以下结果:
并且把整个返回结果都打印到了Console中
MockHttpServletRequest:
HTTP Method = GET
Request URI = /
Parameters = {name=[lvgang]}
Headers = {Accept=[text/html]}
Handler:
Type = org.lvgang.HelloController
Method = public java.lang.String org.lvgang.HelloController.hello(java.lang.String)
Async:
Async started = false
Async result = null
Resolved Exception:
Type = null
ModelAndView:
View name = null
View = null
Model = null
FlashMap:
Attributes = null
MockHttpServletResponse:
Status = 200
Error message = null
Headers = {Content-Type=[text/html;charset=UTF-8], Content-Length=[12]}
Content type = text/html;charset=UTF-8
Body = hello lvgang
Forwarded URL = null
Redirected URL = null
Cookies = []
通过以上代码,我们就完成了一个简单的案例。
附:
RequestBuilder/MockMvcRequestBuilders:
在上面的测试类中,我们用到了这么一个类MockMvcRequestBuilders用来构建请求的,此类有以下主要的API:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder get(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):根据uri模板和uri变量值得到一个GET请求方式的MockHttpServletRequestBuilder;如get(/user/{id}, 1L);
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder post(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是POST方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder put(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是PUT方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder delete(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables) :同get类似,但是是DELETE方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder options(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):同get类似,但是是OPTIONS方法;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder request(HttpMethod httpMethod, String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables): 提供自己的Http请求方法及uri模板和uri变量,如上API都是委托给这个API;
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder fileUpload(String urlTemplate, Object... urlVariables):提供文件上传方式的请求,得到MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder;
RequestBuilder asyncDispatch(final MvcResult mvcResult):创建一个从启动异步处理的请求的MvcResult进行异步分派的RequestBuilder;
MockMvcRequestBuilders通过方法得到两类Builder,一个是MockHttpServletRequestBuilder ,一个是MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder (上传文件)
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder 主要有一下API:
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder header(String name, Object... values)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder headers(HttpHeaders httpHeaders):添加头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contentType(MediaType mediaType):指定请求的contentType头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(MediaType... mediaTypes)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder accept(String... mediaTypes):指定请求的Accept头信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(byte[] content)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder content(String content):指定请求Body体内容;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder param(String name,String... values):请求传入参数
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder cookie(Cookie... cookies):指定请求的Cookie;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder locale(Locale locale):指定请求的Locale;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder characterEncoding(String encoding):指定请求字符编码;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder requestAttr(String name, Object value) :设置请求属性数据;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder sessionAttrs(Map<string, object=""> sessionAttributes):设置请求session属性数据;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttr(String name, Object value)/MockHttpServletRequestBuilder flashAttrs(Map<string, object=""> flashAttributes):指定请求的flash信息,比如重定向后的属性信息;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder session(MockHttpSession session) :指定请求的Session;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder principal(Principal principal) :指定请求的Principal;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder contextPath(String contextPath) :指定请求的上下文路径,必须以“/”开头,且不能以“/”结尾;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder pathInfo(String pathInfo) :请求的路径信息,必须以“/”开头;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder secure(boolean secure):请求是否使用安全通道;
MockHttpServletRequestBuilder with(RequestPostProcessor postProcessor):请求的后处理器,用于自定义一些请求处理的扩展点;
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder:
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder继承自MockHttpServletRequestBuilder,又提供了如下API:
MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(String name, byte[] content)/MockMultipartHttpServletRequestBuilder file(MockMultipartFile file):指定要上传的文件;
ResultActions:
调用MockMvc.perform(RequestBuilder requestBuilder)后将得到ResultActions,通过ResultActions完成如下三件事:
ResultActions andExpect(ResultMatcher matcher) :添加验证断言来判断执行请求后的结果是否是预期的;
ResultActions andDo(ResultHandler handler) :添加结果处理器,用于对验证成功后执行的动作,如输出下请求/结果信息用于调试;
MvcResult andReturn() :返回验证成功后的MvcResult;用于自定义验证/下一步的异步处理;
ResultMatcher/MockMvcResultMatchers:
ResultMatcher用来匹配执行完请求后的结果验证,其就一个match(MvcResult result)断言方法,如果匹配失败将抛出相应的异常;此类案例中并为使用,请自行查看。具体提供以下API:
HandlerResultMatchers handler():请求的Handler验证器,比如验证处理器类型/方法名;此处的Handler其实就是处理请求的控制器;
RequestResultMatchers request():得到RequestResultMatchers验证器;
ModelResultMatchers model():得到模型验证器;
ViewResultMatchers view():得到视图验证器;
FlashAttributeResultMatchers flash():得到Flash属性验证;
StatusResultMatchers status():得到响应状态验证器;
HeaderResultMatchers header():得到响应Header验证器;
CookieResultMatchers cookie():得到响应Cookie验证器;
ContentResultMatchers content():得到响应内容验证器;
JsonPathResultMatchers jsonPath(String expression, Object ... args)/ResultMatcher jsonPath(String expression, Matcher matcher):得到Json表达式验证器;
XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Object... args)/XpathResultMatchers xpath(String expression, Map<string, string=""> namespaces, Object... args):得到Xpath表达式验证器;
ResultMatcher forwardedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后转发的url(绝对匹配);
ResultMatcher forwardedUrlPattern(final String urlPattern):验证处理完请求后转发的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
ResultMatcher redirectedUrl(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(绝对匹配);
ResultMatcher redirectedUrlPattern(final String expectedUrl):验证处理完请求后重定向的url(Ant风格模式匹配,@since spring4);
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