MySQL运维实战（1.2）安装部署：使用二进制安装部署

作者：俊达

引言

上一篇我们使用了RPM进行安装部署，这是一种安装快速、简化部署和管理过程、与操作系统提供的包管理工具紧密集成的部署方法。此外，当你需要更高的灵活性和自定义性，并且愿意承担一些额外的手动配置和管理工作，那么二进制安装是一个值得考虑选择。
以下是二进制安装的一些优势：

处理单机多实例：在某些情况下，希望在一台计算机上开启多个不同的服务器 ,运行多个MySQL服务进程，同时保持现有的生产设置不受干扰。使用二进制方式可以在单台机器上部署多个实例，无需额外的配置。
简化升级过程：在生产环境中，MySQL的升级是一个重要且敏感的操作。使用二进制安装，原地升级的方式更加方便。只需关闭旧的 MySQL 服务器、用新的替换旧的 MySQL 二进制文件或软件包、在现有数据目录上重新启动 MySQL，以及升级现有安装中需要升级的任何剩余部分即可。
自定义编译：有时候，可能需要对MySQL进行一些特定的定制或打补丁，以满足特定的业务需求。通过自己编译二进制文件，可以灵活地添加或修改功能，并满足特殊需求。这种自定义编译的方式可以让MySQL更好地适应不同的环境和需求。

1 下载二进制文件

根据操作系统版本，下载二进制包
在这里插入图片描述
下载其中的Compressed TAR，如：

2 解压

将下载的二进制文件下载到某个目录。
一般我们会将mysql二进制文件放到/usr/local/mysql 或者 /opt/mysql。

tar xvf mysql-8.0.32-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.xz -C /opt
mv  mysql-8.0.32-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64 mysql

ls /opt/mysql/
bin  docs  include  lib  LICENSE  man  README  share  support-files

3 准备配置文件

我们规划将MySQL数据库文件放在/data/mysql01路径下。
mysql数据目录： /data/mysql01/
配置文件：/data/mysql01/my.cnf

[mysqld]
#dir
basedir=/opt/mysql
lc_messages_dir=/opt/mysql/share

datadir=/data/mysql01/data
tmpdir=/data/mysql01/tmp
log-error=/data/mysql01/log/alert.log
slow_query_log_file=/data/mysql01/log/slow.log
general_log_file=/data/mysql01/log/general.log

socket=/data/mysql01/run/mysql.sock


#innodb
innodb_data_home_dir=/data/mysql01/data
innodb_log_group_home_dir=/data/mysql01/data
innodb_data_file_path=ibdata1:128M:autoextend

配置文件核心内容是[mysqld]下的相关路径配置：
basedir： mysql二进制文件路径
datadir: mysql数据目录
这里只配置了启动MySQL需要的最基本的参数。
真实环境中，需要根据业务需求和服务器配置优化配置，后续单独讲。

4 初始化数据库

-- 创建mysql用户
groupadd mysql
useradd mysql -g mysql


-- 创建相关目录
mkdir -p /data/mysql01/{data,binlog,log,run,tmp}
chown -R mysql:mysql /data/mysql01


-- 初始化数据库
./bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql01/my.cnf --initialize --user=mysql

初始化完成后，查看alert.log中的临时密码

tail /data/mysql01/log/alert.log

2021-03-29T11:20:45.693865Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: New log files created, LSN=45790
2021-03-29T11:20:45.789596Z 0 [Warning] InnoDB: Creating foreign key constraint system tables.
2021-03-29T11:20:45.865865Z 0 [Warning] No existing UUID has been found, so we assume that this is the first time that this server has been started. Generating a new UUID: ce7101f3-9080-11eb-9d26-080027475f71.
2021-03-29T11:20:45.869311Z 0 [Warning] Gtid table is not ready to be used. Table 'mysql.gtid_executed' cannot be opened.
2021-03-29T11:20:46.234753Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-03-29T11:20:46.286920Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: kguRrCbXw9;

5 启动实例

mysql服务器进程是mysqld, 可以通过执行mysqld命令直接启动数据库，当然通常我们会使用一些封装过的脚本来启动mysql。
mysqld_safe就是一个常用的脚本，它能启动mysqld，并在mysqld异常退出后重新启动mysqld

[root@box1 ~]# ./bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/mysql01/my.cnf &
[1] 27896


[root@box1 ~]# 2021-03-29T11:24:31.202499Z mysqld_safe Logging to '/data/mysql01/log/alert.log'.

通过ps，可以看到mysqld进程，以及命令行参数，mysqld_safe是mysqld的父进程。

[root@box1 mysql]# ps -elf | grep mysqld
4 S root      6445  2276  0  80   0 - 28354 do_wai 05:20 pts/0    00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld_safe --defaults-file=/data/mysql01/my.cnf
4 S mysql     6738  6445  0  80   0 - 518211 poll_s 05:20 pts/0   00:00:00 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --defaults-file=/data/mysql01/my.cnf --basedir=/usr/local --datadir=/data/mysql01/data --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=/data/mysql01/log/alert.log --pid-file=box1.pid --socket=/data/mysql01/run/mysql.sock
0 S root      6784  2276  0  80   0 - 28206 pipe_w 05:21 pts/0    00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysqld

可以看到mysqld命令行的关键参数

–defaults-file: 启动参数文件
–basedir: mysql软件的basedir
–datadir: 数据目录
–plugin-dir: mysql插件lib库路径
–user: 运行mysql的OS账号
–log-error: 错误日志路径
–socket: socket连接文件
如果不提供这些参数，mysqld会使用编译时的默认参数。
默认参数：

[root@box1 mysql]# ./bin/mysqld  --print-defaults
./bin/mysqld would have been started with the following arguments:
--datadir=/var/lib/mysql --socket=/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock --symbolic-links=0

默认参数文件路径：

[root@box1 mysql]# ./bin/mysqld  --verbose --help | more
2021-03-31T09:33:30.820738Z 0 [ERROR] COLLATION 'latin1_swedish_ci' is not valid for CHARACTER SET 'utf8mb4'
./bin/mysqld  Ver 5.7.32-debug for Linux on x86_64 (lazybug)
Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Starts the MySQL database server.

Usage: ./bin/mysqld [OPTIONS]

Default options are read from the following files in the given order:
/etc/my.cnf /etc/mysql/my.cnf /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf ~/.my.cnf
The following groups are read: mysqld server mysqld-5.7
The following options may be given as the first argument:
--print-defaults        Print the program argument list and exit.
--no-defaults           Don't read default options from any option file,
                        except for login file.
--defaults-file=#       Only read default options from the given file #.

通过mysqld --verbose --help可以看到参数文件搜索路径：

/etc/my.cnf, /etc/mysql/my.cnf, /usr/local/mysql/etc/my.cnf, ~/.my.cnf

在运维多实例mysql时，我们通常会指定my.cnf的路径，而不使用默认路径的配置文件。

避免读取默认配置参数文件中的配置，引起各种问题。

加了–defaults-file后，就只会从defaults-file指定文件中读取配置。

日志文件

如果启动过程中有问题，可以通过alert日志文件查看具体的问题

$ tail -100 /data/mysql01/log/alert.log

2021-03-29T11:24:31.229330Z mysqld_safe Starting mysqld daemon with databases from /data/mysql01/data
2021-03-29T11:24:31.407665Z 0 [Note] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld (mysqld 5.7.32-debug) starting as process 28189 ...
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412908Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: PUNCH HOLE support available
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412934Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: !!!!!!!! UNIV_DEBUG switched on !!!!!!!!!
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412939Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Mutexes and rw_locks use GCC atomic builtins
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412942Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Uses event mutexes
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412947Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: GCC builtin __atomic_thread_fence() is used for memory barrier
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412950Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Compressed tables use zlib 1.2.11
2021-03-29T11:24:31.412954Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Using Linux native AIO
2021-03-29T11:24:31.413276Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Number of pools: 1
2021-03-29T11:24:31.413391Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Using CPU crc32 instructions
2021-03-29T11:24:31.414823Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Initializing buffer pool, total size = 512M, instances = 1, chunk size = 128M
2021-03-29T11:24:31.589281Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Completed initialization of buffer pool
2021-03-29T11:24:31.594759Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: If the mysqld execution user is authorized, page cleaner thread priority can be changed. See the man page of setpriority().
2021-03-29T11:24:31.611389Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Highest supported file format is Barracuda.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.667674Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Creating shared tablespace for temporary tables
2021-03-29T11:24:31.667861Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Setting file '/data/mysql01/data/ibtmp1' size to 12 MB. Physically writing the file full; Please wait ...
2021-03-29T11:24:31.680116Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: File '/data/mysql01/data/ibtmp1' size is now 12 MB.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.685528Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: 96 redo rollback segment(s) found. 96 redo rollback segment(s) are active.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.685540Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: 32 non-redo rollback segment(s) are active.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.689004Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Waiting for purge to start
2021-03-29T11:24:31.741474Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: 5.7.32 started; log sequence number 2746702
2021-03-29T11:24:31.742643Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Loading buffer pool(s) from /data/mysql01/data/ib_buffer_pool
2021-03-29T11:24:31.742725Z 0 [Note] Plugin 'FEDERATED' is disabled.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.752433Z 0 [Note] InnoDB: Buffer pool(s) load completed at 210329  7:24:31
2021-03-29T11:24:31.757409Z 0 [Note] Found ca.pem, server-cert.pem and server-key.pem in data directory. Trying to enable SSL support using them.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.757426Z 0 [Note] Skipping generation of SSL certificates as certificate files are present in data directory.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.758133Z 0 [Warning] CA certificate ca.pem is self signed.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.758185Z 0 [Note] Skipping generation of RSA key pair as key files are present in data directory.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.758504Z 0 [Note] Server hostname (bind-address): '*'; port: 3306
2021-03-29T11:24:31.759379Z 0 [Note] IPv6 is available.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.759408Z 0 [Note]   - '::' resolves to '::';
2021-03-29T11:24:31.759434Z 0 [Note] Server socket created on IP: '::'.
2021-03-29T11:24:31.796451Z 0 [Note] Event Scheduler: Loaded 0 events
2021-03-29T11:24:31.796935Z 0 [Note] /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld: ready for connections.
Version: '5.7.32-debug'  socket: '/data/mysql01/run/mysql.sock'  port: 3306  lazybug

日志文件最后一行显示启动成功，提示本地socket文件路径和监听端口。

6 修改默认密码

mysql 5.7开始，需要先修改密码，才能正常访问数据库：

[root@box1 run]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql -uroot -h127.0.0.1 -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor.  Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.32-debug

Copyright (c) 2000, 2020, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.

mysql> select 1;
ERROR 1820 (HY000): You must reset your password using ALTER USER statement before executing this statement.


mysql> alter user 'root'@'localhost' identified by 'helloworld';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select 1;
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
| 1 |
+---+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)