std::vector

这里主要介绍下reserce/resize、push_back/emplace_back、shrink_to_fit/clear等接口；

1. reserve and resize

C++的vector对象可以通过reserve方法来设置vector对象的容量，通过resize方法来改变vector对象的大小。reserve所设置的容量指的是vector容器中可容纳元素的预留空间个数，但并不真正创建元素对象。resize则是直接改变vector容器中元素的个数，并且创建对象或者销毁空间。

resize()函数和容器的size息息相关。调用resize(n)后，容器的size即为n。至于是否影响capacity，取决于调整后的容器的size是否大于capacity。

reserve()函数和容器的capacity息息相关。调用reserve(n)后，若容器的capacity<n，则重新分配内存空间，从而使得capacity等于n。

如果capacity>=n呢？capacity无变化。

从两个函数的用途可以发现，容器调用resize()函数后，所有的空间都已经初始化了，所以可以直接访问。

而reserve()函数预分配出的空间没有被初始化，所以不可访问。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <map>
 
using ValueType = std::string;
const ValueType dv = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
constexpr int maxSize = 10;
 
class Widget {
public:
	Widget(ValueType value = dv) : value{value}
	{
	    std::cout << "Widget(ValueType) constructor: " << this << std::endl;
	}
 
	Widget(const Widget& w) : value{w.value}
	{
	    std::cout<<"copy constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(const Widget& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = rhs.value;//assign new resource
        }
 
	    std::cout << "copy assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
	//这里移动构造函数定义为noexcept
	Widget(Widget&& w) noexcept: value{std::move(w.value)}
	{
		std::cout << "move constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(Widget&& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = std::move(rhs.value);//assign new resource
        }
	    std::cout << "move assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
 
    ~Widget()
	{
        if (value.empty())
        {
            std::cout << "0~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
        else
        {
            value.clear();
	        std::cout << "~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
	}
	void print(){std::cout << "value:" << value << " : " << this << std::endl;}
private:
	ValueType value{};
};

void test_reserve()
{
    std::vector<Widget> v{Widget{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}, Widget{"bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"}, Widget{"ccccccccccccccccccccccc"}};
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.reserve(2);//当reserve的数据空间小于capacity的时候什么都不做;
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    //当reserve的数据空间大于capacity时，vector的capacity变为reserve指定的大校
    v.reserve(5);//由于要重新分配比 3 更大的存储空间，这里再次调用的移动构造函数(如果移动构造函数没有noexcept，则调用拷贝构造函数)
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.reserve(4);
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.reserve(2);
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
}

void test_resize()
{
    std::vector<Widget> v{Widget{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}, Widget{"bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"}, Widget{"ccccccccccccccccccccccc"}};
    std::cout << std::endl;
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    v.resize(5);//vector重新分配空间(需要移动/拷贝原数据),resize的空间大于size()时,会构造 5 - size()个数据项(这里是构造2个新的Widget)
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.resize(4);//destory多余指定size的数据项
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.resize(2);//destory多余指定size的数据项
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    test_reserve();
    std::cout << "----------------------" << std::endl;
    test_resize();
    
    return 0;
}

output:

2. vector(count, value) vs reserve(n)

这里有一个点需要注意下：vector( size_type count,

const T& value,

const Allocator& alloc = Allocator() );

和 vector.reserve的区别，这个vector会构造数据项，而reserve不构造数据项，只是预留了空间;

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>

void test_vector_constructor_vs_reserve()
{
    std::vector<int> v1(2,3);
    std::cout << "size()=" << v1.size() << ", capacity()=" << v1.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    for(const auto i : v1)
    {
        std::cout << i << ' ';
    }
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    std::vector<int> v2{};
    v2.reserve(2);//当reserve的数据空间小于capacity的时候什么都不做;
    std::cout << "size()=" << v2.size() << ", capacity()=" << v2.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    test_vector_constructor_vs_reserve();
    
    return 0;
}

3. shrink_to_fit vs clear

shrink_to_fit() : 它减少容器的容量以适应其大小并销毁超出容量的所有元素。

clear():从容器擦除所有元素。此调用后 size() 返回零。使任何指代所含元素的引用、指针或迭代器失效。任何尾后迭代器也会失效。保持 vector 的 capacity() 不变。

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
 
using ValueType = std::string;
const ValueType dv = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
constexpr int maxSize = 10;
 
class Widget {
public:
	Widget(ValueType value = dv) : value{value}
	{
	    std::cout << "Widget(ValueType) constructor: " << this << std::endl;
	}
 
	Widget(const Widget& w) : value{w.value}
	{
	    std::cout<<"copy constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(const Widget& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = rhs.value;//assign new resource
        }
 
	    std::cout << "copy assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
	//这里移动构造函数定义为noexcept
	Widget(Widget&& w) noexcept: value{std::move(w.value)}
	{
		std::cout << "move constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(Widget&& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = std::move(rhs.value);//assign new resource
        }
	    std::cout << "move assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
 
    ~Widget()
	{
        if (value.empty())
        {
            std::cout << "0~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
        else
        {
            value.clear();
	        std::cout << "~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
	}
	void print(){std::cout << "value:" << value << " : " << this << std::endl;}
private:
	ValueType value{};
};

void test_shrink_to_fit()
{
    std::vector<Widget> v;

    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    v.emplace_back(std::string(24, 'a'));
    v.emplace_back(std::string(24, 'b'));
    v.emplace_back(std::string(24, 'c'));
    v.emplace_back(std::string(24, 'd'));
    v.emplace_back(std::string(24, 'e'));
    
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
    v.shrink_to_fit();//按照我测试结果，测试capacity=8, size为添加的5个元素;
                      //shrink_to_fit会释放掉多余的vector空间，使得capacity()==size();
                      //这里可能会重新分配空间，具体依赖于编译器的实现
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
}

void test_clear()
{
    std::vector<Widget> v{Widget{"aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa"}, Widget{"bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb"}, Widget{"ccccccccccccccccccccccc"}};
    
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    std::cout << "call clear():" << std::endl;;
    v.clear();//会把所有数据项destory掉，此时size()大小为0， capacity则不变;
    std::cout << "size()=" << v.size() << ", capacity()=" << v.capacity() << std::endl << std::endl;
    
}

int main()
{
    test_shrink_to_fit();
    std::cout << std::endl << "----------------------" << std::endl << std::endl;
    test_clear();
    
    return 0;
}

4. push_back vs emplace_back

push_back:是插入数据到vector，这里会构造一个临时的数据项，这个临时数据项参数满足push_back(T&& value)接口，通过移动构造函数把这个临时的数据项移动到vector对应的位置上；

emplace_back：是通过完美转发参数，在vector对应的位置上就地构造，只需要调用一次构造函数就可以；这种情况下，效率上来说要比push_back高一些；

对于push_back和emplace_back来说，如果传入的数据项本身是个左值，那么他们效率上都是一样的。因为这两个接口都只需要调用一次拷贝构造函数。代码如下：

#include <iostream>
#include <vector>
#include <string>
#include <map>
 
using ValueType = std::string;
const ValueType dv = "aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa";
constexpr int maxSize = 10;
 
class Widget {
public:
	Widget(ValueType value = dv) : value{value}
	{
	    std::cout << "Widget(ValueType) constructor: " << this << std::endl;
	}
 
	Widget(const Widget& w) : value{w.value}
	{
	    std::cout<<"copy constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(const Widget& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = rhs.value;//assign new resource
        }
 
	    std::cout << "copy assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
	Widget(Widget&& w) : value{std::move(w.value)}
	{
		std::cout << "move constructor" << std::endl;
	}
	Widget& operator=(Widget&& rhs)
	{
        if (this != &rhs)
        {
	        value = std::move(rhs.value);//assign new resource
        }
	    std::cout << "move assignment constructor" << std::endl;
	    return *this;
	}
 
    ~Widget()
	{
        if (value.empty())
        {
            std::cout << "0~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
        else
        {
            value.clear();
	        std::cout << "~destructor:" << this << std::endl;
        }
	}
	void print(){std::cout << "value:" << value << " : " << this << std::endl;}
private:
	ValueType value{};
};
void push_vs_empalce_with_rvalue_item()
{
    std::vector<Widget> v{};
    v.reserve(10);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    std::string str(24, 'a');
    v.push_back(str);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    v.emplace_back(str);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
}
void push_vs_empalce_with_lvalue_item()
{
    Widget w1("aaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaaa");
    Widget w2("bbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbbb");
    std::vector<Widget> v{};
    v.reserve(10);
    
    std::cout << std::endl;
    v.push_back(w1);
    std::cout << std::endl;
    
    v.emplace_back(w2);
    std::cout << std::endl;
}

int main()
{
    push_vs_empalce_with_rvalue_item();
    std::cout << std::endl << "-------------------------" << std::endl << std::endl;
    push_vs_empalce_with_lvalue_item();
    
    return 0;
}

output: