自动化测试-Selenium

一. Selenium介绍

selenium 是用来做web自动化测试的框架,支持各种浏览器,各种,支持各种语言

原理:

二. 元素定位

2.1 XPath 定位

绝对路径: /html/head/title

相对路径以双斜杠开头,常见的相对路径定位有以下几种:

<1>相对路径+索引: 索引是从1开始的

<2>相对路径+属性值:

<3>相对路径+通配符

<4>相对路径+文本匹配

2.2 CSS定位

• id选择器: #id

• 类选择器: .class

• 标签选择: 标签名

• 后代选择器: 父级选择器子级选择器

三. 操作测试对象

3.1 常见API

• click 点击对象

• send_keys 在对象上模拟按键输入

• clear 清除对象输入的文本内容

• submit 提交

• getAttribute 获取标签中value属性所对应的值

• text 由于获取元素的文本信息

public class Demo1 {
    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        //允许所有请求
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver =new ChromeDriver(options);
        //获取网址
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com");
        //获取value标签元素文本信息
        String str=webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value=\"搜狗搜索\"]")).getAttribute("value");
        System.out.println(str);
        //输入搜索内容
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@value=\"搜狗搜索\"]")).click();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //找到并打印所有a标签下em标签中的内容
        List<WebElement> elements=webDriver.findElements(By.cssSelector("a em"));
        for (int i = 0; i < elements.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(elements.get(i).getText());
        }
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.close();

    }
}

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //由于此处的搜狗搜索在form标签中,因此能够顺利提交
        //webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).click();
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).submit();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //此时代码是会报错的,因为a标签并不在form标签内
        //webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#weixinch")).submit();
        webDriver.close();
    }

3.2 等待

public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.baidu.com/");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-loginbtn")).click();
        //隐式等待
        //webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3, TimeUnit.DAYS);
        //显示等待,若加载出直接执行下面代码,若在指定时间内没有加载出来,就抛异常
        new WebDriverWait(webDriver,10).until(ExpectedConditions.presenceOfElementLocated(By.cssSelector("#s-top-loginbtn")));
        //强制等待3s
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[@id=\"TANGRAM__PSP_11__userName\"]")).sendKeys("1111");
        webDriver.close();
    }

隐式等待等待的是整个页面的元素,而显示等待等待的是一定的条件.

3.3 打印信息(标题/URL)

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ChromeOptions options =new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");
        String title=webDriver.getTitle();
        String url=webDriver.getCurrentUrl();
        System.out.println("当前标题:"+title+"当前url:"+url);
        webDriver.close();
    }

3.4 浏览器的操作

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#stb")).click();
        webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3, TimeUnit.DAYS);
        //后退一步
        webDriver.navigate().back();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //前进一步
        webDriver.navigate().forward();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //使屏幕最大化
        webDriver.manage().window().maximize();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //全屏
        webDriver.manage().window().fullscreen();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //自定义窗口大小
        webDriver.manage().window().setSize(new Dimension(600,1000));
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //滑动滚动条
        ((JavascriptExecutor)webDriver).executeScript("document.documentElement.scrollTop=19999");
    }

3.5 键盘事件

通过sendKeys()调用按键:

• sendkeys(Keys.TAB) #TAB

• sendKeys(Keys.ENTER) #回车

• sendKeys(Keys.SPACE) #空格键

• sendKeys(Keys.ESCAPE) #回退键(Esc)

  public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.SPACE);
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件开发");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
    }

键盘组合键用法

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"a") #全选 (Ctrl+a)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"c") #复制 (Ctrl+c)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"x") #剪切 (Ctrl+x)

sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"v") #粘贴 (Ctrl+v)

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"a");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"x");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.CONTROL,"v");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
    }

3.6 鼠标事件

Actions类：

• contextClick() 右击

• doubleClick() 双击

• dragAndDrop() 拖动

• moveToElement() 移动

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.sogou.com/");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#query")).sendKeys(Keys.ENTER);
        Actions actions=new Actions(webDriver);
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //需要现将鼠标移动到要操作的元素，然后右击，要perform()才会有效果
        actions.moveToElement( webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#sogou_weixin"))).contextClick().perform();
    }

四. 特殊操作

为了方便测试的演示，测试的页面都是自制的。

4.1 定位一组元素

页面：

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
    <title>Document</title>
</head>
<body>
    <h3>checkbox</h3>
<div class="well">
<form class="form-horizontal">
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c1">checkbox1</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c1" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c2">checkbox2</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c2" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="c3">checkbox3</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="checkbox" id="c3" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="r">radio1</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="radio" id="r1" />
</div>
</div>
<div class="control-group">
<label class="control-label" for="r">radio2</label>
<div class="controls">
<input type="radio" id="r2" />
</div>
</div>
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>

测试：

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test1.html?_ijt=a28mk13t2kbijoe7d2clon53lj&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");
        webDriver.manage().timeouts().implicitlyWait(3,TimeUnit.DAYS);
        List<WebElement> webElements=webDriver.findElements(By.xpath("//input[@type=\"checkbox\"]"));
        for (int i = 0; i < webElements.size(); i++) {
            System.out.println(webElements.get(i).getAttribute("type"));
        }
    }

4.2 多层框架/窗口定位

多框架定位

如果有内嵌网页框架，需要先转到框架才能操作框架内元素。

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        //允许所有请求
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver =new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://mail.163.com/");
        //需要先定位到框架，再对框架内元素进行操作
        webDriver.switchTo().frame(webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//iframe")));
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//input[@name=\"email\"]")).sendKeys("12345");
    }

窗口的切换

在浏览器中每个窗口都有一个句柄来标识

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("Https://www.baidu.com");
        //获取当前句柄
        String handle= webDriver.getWindowHandle();
        System.out.println(handle);
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-left > a:nth-child(1)")).click();
        Set<String> hanles=webDriver.getWindowHandles();
        for (String h:hanles) {
            handle=h;
        }
        webDriver.switchTo().window(handle);
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#ww")).sendKeys("新闻联播");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s_btn_wr")).click();
    }

4.3 下拉框操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>下拉框</title>
</head>
<body>
<select id="ShippingMethod"
        onchange="updateShipping(options[selectedIndex]);" name="ShippingMethod">
  <option value="12.51">UPS Next Day Air ==> $12.51</option>
  <option value="11.61">UPS Next Day Air Saver ==> $11.61</option>
  <option value="10.69">UPS 3 Day Select ==> $10.69</option>
  <option value="9.03">UPS 2nd Day Air ==> $9.03</option>
  <option value="8.34">UPS Ground ==> $8.34</option>
  <option value="9.25">USPS Priority Mail Insured ==> $9.25</option>
  <option value="7.45">USPS Priority Mail ==> $7.45</option>
  <option value="3.20" selected="">USPS First Class ==> $3.20</option>
</select>
</body>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test3.html?_ijt=dcl94qtill9arl6odicib469be&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");
        WebElement webElement=webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#ShippingMethod"));
        Select select=new Select(webElement);
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //通过标签 value选择 
        select.selectByValue("9.03");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //通过下标选择,下标从零开始
        select.selectByIndex(2);
    }

4.4 弹窗操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<button onclick="Click()">这是一个弹窗</button>
</body>
<script type="text/javascript">
  function Click() {
    let name = prompt("请输入姓名：");
    let parent = document.querySelector("body");
    let child = document.createElement("div");
    child.innerHTML = name;
    parent.appendChild(child)
  }
</script>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test4.html?_ijt=e7mju27ab5d214o41bhvcqjf4r&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");
        webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()=\"这是一个弹窗\"]")).click();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //alert弹窗取消
        webDriver.switchTo().alert().dismiss();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.findElement(By.xpath("//*[text()=\"这是一个弹窗\"]")).click();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.switchTo().alert().sendKeys("软件测试");
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        webDriver.switchTo().alert().accept();
    }

4.5 文件操作

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
  <meta charset="UTF-8">
  <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<input type="file">
</body>
</html>

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        ChromeOptions options =new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("http://localhost:63342/SeleniumTest/page/test5.html?_ijt=klnnrj3i4pn2rhg6cl7a63qibe&_ij_reload=RELOAD_ON_SAVE");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("input")).sendKeys("E:\\test");
    }

4.6 quit和close

quit 关闭了整个浏览器,同时会清空浏览器的cookie,close关闭的是get时获取的页面.

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException {
        ChromeOptions options=new ChromeOptions();
        options.addArguments("--remote-allow-origins=*");
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver(options);
        webDriver.get("https://www.baidu.com");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#s-top-left > a:nth-child(1)")).click();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        //webDriver.close();
        webDriver.quit();
    }

4.7 截图

    public static void main(String[] args) throws InterruptedException, IOException {
        WebDriver webDriver=new ChromeDriver();
        webDriver.get("Https://www.baidu.com");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#kw")).sendKeys("软件测试");
        webDriver.findElement(By.cssSelector("#su")).click();
        Thread.sleep(3000);
        File file=((TakesScreenshot)webDriver).getScreenshotAs(OutputType.FILE);
        FileUtils.copyFile(file,new File("E:\\Code\\SeleniumTest\\picture.png"));
    }

注:截图操作需要另外引入一个common-io的依赖

Maven Repository: commons-io » commons-io » 2.11.0 (mvnrepository.com)